How does rhamnolipid modulate microbial interspecies electron transfer for synchronous sulfidogenesis and acidogenesis from mariculture solid wastes?

Synchronous sulfidogenesis and acidogenesis (SSA) is critical for pollutant removal and resource recovery. However, inefficient electron transfer and metabolic imbalance between acidogenic bacteria and sulfidogens limited SSA performance, especially from mariculture solid wastes (MSW) containing high-strengthen sulfate. This work unveiled the neglected role and mechanism of rhamnolipid (RL) in modulating microbial interspecies electron transfer for SSA during MSW anaerobic fermentation.