Distribution maps of Biosphere and Cryosphere tipping elements

This dataset contains a collection of sources that mark the geographical areas of regions/elements/biomes of the Biosphere and the Cryosphere identified as tipping elements on various temporal and spatial scales by the Global Tipping Points Report 2023 (https://global-tipping-points.org) based on:- Armstrong McKay, Sakschewski, Roman-Cuesta et al., In prep.- Winkelmann, Steinert, Armstrong McKay et al., In prep.
Below you find the data sources for the collection of this dataset. Note that the biosphere data sources provide more biomes than listed here, as only those identified as tipping element are selected here. For the full datasets, including non-tipping biomes, please refer to the original sources listed below. 
BIOSPHERE:
1. Ecoregions 2017 biomes: https://ecoregions.appspot.com
Note that only the following biomes were selected: "Tundra", "Tropical & Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests","Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests", "Tropical & Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests", "Boreal Forests/Taiga", "Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests","Temperate Conifer Forests", "Temperate Grasslands, Savannas & Shrublands","Tropical & Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas & Shrublands","Flooded Grasslands & Savannas","Montane Grasslands & Shrublands", "Deserts & Xeric Shrublands","Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands & Scrub", "Mangroves".
2. Keith, David A., Ferrer-Paris, Jose R., Nicholson, Emily, ..., Kingsford, Richard T. (2020). Indicative distribution maps for Ecological Functional Groups - Level 3 of IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546513; and Keith et al. 2022: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05318-4
Note that only the following biomes were selected: "F2_1_Large_perm_lakes", "F2_2_Small_perm_lakes", "F2_4_Freeze-thaw_lakes", "F2_6_Perm_salt_lakes", "M1_1_Seagrass_meadows", "M1_2_Kelp_forests", "M1_3_Photic_coral_reefs", "M4_2_Marine_aquafarms", "M1_5_Marine_animal_forests". 
CRYOSPHERE:
1. Land permafrost: Obu, Jaroslav; Westermann, Sebastian; Kääb, Andreas; Bartsch, Annett (2018): Ground Temperature Map, 2000-2016, Northern Hemisphere Permafrost. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.888600
2. Subsea permafrost: Overduin, Pier Paul; Schneider von Deimling, Thomas; Miesner, Frederieke; Grigoriev, Mikhail N; Ruppel, Carolyn D; Vasiliev, Alexander; Lantuit, Hugues; Juhls, Bennet; Westermann, Sebastian; Laboor, Sebastian (2020): Submarine Permafrost Map (SuPerMAP), modeled with CryoGrid 2, Circum-Arctic. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.910540
3. Sea Ice: Keith, David A., Ferrer-Paris, Jose R., Nicholson, Emily, ..., Kingsford, Richard T. (2020). Indicative distribution maps for Ecological Functional Groups - Level 3 of IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546513; and Keith et al. 2022: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05318-4
4. Antarctica: Medium resolution vector polygons of the Antarctic coastline (2014) [Data set]. UK Polar Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, UK Research & Innovation. https://doi.org/10.5285/ed0a7b70-5adc-4c1e-8d8a-0bb5ee659d18
5. Greenland: Morlighem M. et al., (2017), BedMachine v3: Complete bed topography and ocean bathymetry mapping of Greenland from multi-beam echo sounding combined with mass conservation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, doi:10.1002/2017GL074954
6. Glaciers: RGI Consortium, . (2012). Randolph Glacier Inventory - A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines, Version 2 [Data Set]. Boulder, Colorado USA. National Snow and Ice Data Center. https://doi.org/10.7265/cc6e-zp12. 
For any questions regarding the dataset, please free feel to contact Norman J. Steinert ([e-mail], [e-mail])

本数据集收录了一系列数据源，用于标记**生物圈（Biosphere）**与**冰冻圈（Cryosphere）**中被《2023年全球临界点报告》（Global Tipping Points Report 2023，https://global-tipping-points.org）在不同时空尺度下认定为临界点要素的区域/要素/生物群系的地理范围，其数据依托以下两项研究：
—— Armstrong McKay、Sakschewski、Roman-Cuesta等（待发表）；
—— Winkelmann、Steinert、Armstrong McKay等（待发表）。

以下为本数据集收录的各类数据源。需注意：生物圈数据源涵盖的生物群系数量多于本文列出的范围，本数据集仅筛选出其中被认定为临界点要素的类型。若需获取包含非临界点生物群系的完整数据集，请参考下文列出的原始数据源。

### 生物圈
1. 2017年生态区生物群系数据集（Ecoregions 2017 biomes）：https://ecoregions.appspot.com
注：本数据集仅筛选以下生物群系："苔原（Tundra）"、"热带与亚热带湿润阔叶林"、"热带与亚热带针叶林"、"热带与亚热带干旱阔叶林"、"北方森林/泰加林"、"温带阔叶与混交林"、"温带针叶林"、"温带草原、稀树草原与灌丛"、"热带与亚热带草原、稀树草原与灌丛"、"泛滥草原与稀树草原"、"山地草原与灌丛"、"荒漠与旱生灌丛"、"地中海森林、林地与灌丛"、"红树林"。
2. Keith, David A.、Ferrer-Paris, Jose R.、Nicholson, Emily等（2020）：《IUCN全球生态系统分类法第3级生态功能群指示性分布地图集》[数据集]，Zenodo，http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546513；以及Keith等（2022）：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05318-4
注：本数据集仅筛选以下生物群系："F2_1_Large_perm_lakes"、"F2_2_Small_perm_lakes"、"F2_4_Freeze-thaw_lakes"、"F2_6_Perm_salt_lakes"、"M1_1_Seagrass_meadows"、"M1_2_Kelp_forests"、"M1_3_Photic_coral_reefs"、"M4_2_Marine_aquafarms"、"M1_5_Marine_animal_forests"。

### 冰冻圈
1. 陆地多年冻土：Obu, Jaroslav、Westermann, Sebastian、Kääb, Andreas、Bartsch, Annett（2018）：《2000-2016年北半球多年冻土地面温度地图集》，不来梅港亥姆霍兹极地与海洋研究中心阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所，PANGAEA数据库，https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.888600
2. 海底多年冻土：Overduin, Pier Paul、Schneider von Deimling, Thomas、Miesner, Frederieke等（2020）：《环北极海底多年冻土地图（SuPerMAP）：基于CryoGrid 2模型模拟》，PANGAEA数据库，https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.910540
3. 海冰：Keith, David A.、Ferrer-Paris, Jose R.、Nicholson, Emily等（2020）：《IUCN全球生态系统分类法第3级生态功能群指示性分布地图集》[数据集]，Zenodo，http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546513；以及Keith等（2022）：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05318-4
4. 南极地区：《2014年南极海岸线中等分辨率矢量多边形数据集》[数据集]，英国自然环境研究委员会英国极地数据中心、英国研究与创新署，https://doi.org/10.5285/ed0a7b70-5adc-4c1e-8d8a-0bb5ee659d18
5. 格陵兰岛：Morlighem M.等（2017）：《BedMachine v3：结合多波束回声测深与质量守恒法绘制的格陵兰岛完整床形地形与海洋水深地图》，《地球物理研究快报》（Geophys. Res. Lett.）第44卷，doi:10.1002/2017GL074954
6. 冰川：RGI Consortium（2012）：《兰道夫冰川名录第2版：全球冰川轮廓数据集》[数据集]，美国科罗拉多州博尔德国家冰雪数据中心，https://doi.org/10.7265/cc6e-zp12。

若您对本数据集有任何疑问，请联系Norman J. Steinert（邮箱：[e-mail]、[e-mail]）