Primate Group Size

1. Motivation Large primates are affected greatly by anthropogenic activities such as logging and urbanisation, which are destroying the land they live on. The database was created to monitor the patterns of time and the impact on the trait value ‘group size’ of these species. 2. Search Protocol Google scholar was used to collect the trait values and relevant information for the database. Search term; ‘species name’ group size in wild. This search phrase brought up papers that included the term group size and bolded the use of it in the papers. This made it easier to sift through google scholar and find the most relevant papers for that species. Once a suitable paper was found it was scanned for any figures of the mean group size. If there were multiple group datapoints then an average was taken. 3. Metadata The IUCN status of each primate was added to the database to see the impact it has on the observed group sizes compared to expected sizes. The months monitored were added to see if longer monitored group sizes were more accurate. The number of groups from each study were added to see if the more study groups had a higher impact on group size compared to studies with one to a couple of study groups. Family column was added to look for similarities in each group. 4. References Agostini, I. and Visalberghi, E. (2005). Social influences on the acquisition of sex-typical foraging patterns by juveniles in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus). American Journal of Primatology, 65(4), pp.335–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20120 Astaras, C., Mühlenberg, M. and Waltert, M. (2007). Note on drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) ecology and conservation status in Korup National Park, Southwest Cameroon. American Journal of Primatology, 70(3), pp.306–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20489 Bermejo, M. (1999). Status and conservation of primates in Odzala National Park, Republic of the Congo. Oryx, 33(4), pp.323–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00081.x Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J and Wrangham, R.W. (1995). Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 36(1), pp.59–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00175729 Chapman, C.A. and Pavelka, M.S.M. (2004). Group size in folivorous primates: ecological constraints and the possible influence of social factors. Primates, 46(1), pp.1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-004-0093-9 Defler, T.R. (1996). Aspects of the ranging pattern in a group of wild woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha). American Journal of Primatology, 38(4), pp.289–302. DOI: doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)38:4<289::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-V DeLuycker, A.M. (2007). Notes on the Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey (Oreonax flavicauda) and Its Status in the Protected Forest of Alto Mayo, Northern Peru. Primate Conservation, 22(1), pp.41–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1896/052.022.0102 Dias, P.A.D., Coyohua-Fuentes, A., Canales-Espinosa, D. and Rangel-Negrín, A. (2015). Group Structure and Dynamics in Black Howlers (Alouatta pigra): A 7-year Perspective. International Journal of Primatology, 36(2), pp.311–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9827-3 Galvis, N., Link, A. and Di Fiore, A. (2014). A Novel Use of Camera Traps to Study Demography and Life History in Wild Animals: A Case Study of Spider Monkeys (Ateles belzebuth). International Journal of Primatology, 35(5), pp.908–918. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9791-3. ‌ Gatti, S., Levréro, F., Ménard, N. and Gautier-Hion, A. (2004). Population and group structure of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Lokoué, Republic of Congo. American Journal of Primatology, 63(3), pp.111–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20045 Haimoff, E.H., Yang, X.J., He, S.J. and Chen, N. (1987). Preliminary observations of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan province, people’s republic of China. Primates, 28(3), pp.319–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02381015 Hubrecht, R.C. (1984). Field observations on group size and composition of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus), at Tapacura, Brazil. Primates, 25(1), pp.13–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02382291 ‌Kawabe, M. and Mano, T. (1972). Ecology and behavior of the wild proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus (Wurmb), in Sabah, Malaysia. Primates, 13(2), pp.213–227. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01840882 Kebebew, E. and Balakrishnan, M. (2016). Population Status, Group Size and Threat to Boutourlini’s Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii) in Jibat Forest, West Showa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. World Journal of Zoology, 11(1), pp.34–44. Available at: https://idosi.org/wjz/wjz11(1)16/7.pdf [Accessed 11/02/2024] Kifle, Z., Belay, G. and Bekele, A. (2013). Population Size, Group Composition and Behavioural Ecology of Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) and Human-gelada Conflict in Wonchit Valley, Ethiopia. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(21), pp.1248–1259. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1248.1259 Mackinnon, J. (1974). The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus). Animal Behaviour, 22(1), pp.3–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(74)80054-0 Magliocca, F., Querouil, S. and Gautier-Hion, A. (1999). Population structure and group composition of western lowland gorillas in North-Western Republic of Congos. American Journal of Primatology, 48(1), pp.1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<1::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-2 ‌ Mbora, D.N.M., Wieczkowski, J. and Munene, E. (2009). Links between habitat degradation, and social group size, ranging, fecundity, and parasite prevalence in the Tana River mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus). American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 140(3), pp.562–571. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21113 McNeilage, A., Robbins, M.M., Gray, M., Olupot, W., Babaasa, D., Bitariho, R., Kasangaki, A., Rainer, H., Asuma, S., Mugiri G. and Baker, J. (2006). Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 40(4), pp.419–427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001311 Ménard, N. and Vallet, D. (1993). Dynamics of fission in a wild Barbary macaque group (Macaca sylvanus). International Journal of Primatology, 14(3), pp.479–500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02192778 ‌Murnyak, D.F. (1981). Censusing the gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Biological Conservation, 21(3), pp.163–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(81)90089-6 ‌Phan, T,D., Bosch, O.J.H., Nguyen N.C. and Le T.T. (2014). Dynamics and viability of the Critically Endangered Cat Ba Langur: A new perspective for conservation actions. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the ISSS - 2013 HaiPhong, Vietnam. Available at: https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings57th/article/view/2114 [Accessed 11/02/2024] Phiapalath, P. Borries, C. and Suwanwaree, P. (2011). Seasonality of group size, feeding, and breeding in wild red‐shanked douc langurs (Lao PDR). American Journal of Primatology, 73(11), pp.1134–1144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20980 Pride, R.E. (2005). Optimal group size and seasonal stress in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Behavioral Ecology, 16(3), pp.550–560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ari025 Radhakrishna, S. and Singh, M. (2002). Social Behaviour of the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus). Folia Primatologica, 73(4), pp.181–196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000065426 Reichard, U. and Sommer, V. (1997). Group Encounters in Wild Gibbons (Hylobates Lar): Agonism, Affiliation, and the Concept of Infanticide. Behaviour, 134(15-16), pp.1135–1174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00106 Robbins, D., Chapman, C.A. and Wrangham, R.W. (1991). Group size and stability: Why do gibbons and spider monkeys differ? Primates, 32(3), pp.301–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02382671 Schaik, C.P., Noordwijk, M.A., Boer, R.J., Tonkelaar, I. (1983). The effect of group size on time budgets and social behaviour in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 13(3), pp.173–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00299920 Stacey, P.B. (1986). Group size and foraging efficiency in yellow baboons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 18(3), pp.175–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00290821 Strier, K.B., Boubli, J.P., Possamai, C.B. and Mendes, S.L. (2005). Population demography of Northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva particular do Patrimônio Natural‐Felìciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 130(2), pp.227–237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20366 ‌ ‌Vasudev, D., Kumar, A., and Sinha, A. (2008). Resource distribution and group size in the common langur Semnopithecus entellus in southern India. American Journal of Primatology, 70(7), pp.680–689. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20549 ‌ Weber, A.W. and Vedder, A. (1983). Population dynamics of the virunga gorillas: 1959–1978. Biological Conservation, 26(4), pp.341–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(83)90096-4 Wijtten, Z., Hankinson, E., Pellissier, T., Nuttall, M. and Lemarkat, R. (2012). Activity Budgets of Peters’ Angola Black-and-White Colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) in an East African Coastal Forest. African Primates, 7(2), pp.203-210. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1b234637ed109fe63881b531e5f298e248151091 Yamagiwa, J. (1983). Diachronic changes in two eastern lowland gorilla groups (Gorilla gorilla graueri) in the Mt. Kahuzi Region, Zaïre. Primates, 24(2), pp.174–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02381080 Yanuar (2009). The Population Distribution and Abundance of Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) and Agile Gibbons (Hylobates agilis) in West Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Springer eBooks, pp.453–465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-6_21 ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌1. 研究动因 大型灵长类深受伐木、城市化等人为活动的严重影响，这些活动正持续破坏其栖息生境。本数据集旨在监测相关时间动态模式，以及人为活动对该类物种核心性状——群体规模（group size）的影响。 2. 文献检索方案 本数据集通过谷歌学术（Google Scholar）采集相关性状值与元数据。检索式设定为「物种学名 野生群体规模（group size）」，该检索策略可精准定位包含目标术语的文献，且谷歌学术会对检索词进行标粗，便于快速筛选与目标物种相关的高匹配度文献。筛选到符合要求的文献后，提取其中的平均群体规模数据；若存在多组群体规模观测值，则计算其均值以统一数据标准。 3. 元数据字段 本数据集补充了每个灵长类物种的世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）红色名录保护等级，以分析其对观测群体规模与理论预期群体规模之间差异的影响；同时纳入监测时长字段，用于探究监测周期是否会影响群体规模数据的准确性；此外添加了每项研究的观测群数量字段，以对比单组/少量组观测与多组观测对群体规模分析结果的影响；新增分类学科（Family）字段，用于探索类群间群体规模的共性特征。 4. 参考文献 1. Agostini I, Visalberghi E. 2005. 野生卷尾猴（Cebus nigritus）幼崽获取性别特异性觅食模式的社会影响. 美国灵长类学杂志, 65(4): 335–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20120 2. Astaras C, Mühlenberg M, Waltert M. 2007. 喀麦隆西南部科鲁普国家公园内的鬼狒（Mandrillus leucophaeus）生态学与保护现状简述. 美国灵长类学杂志, 70(3): 306–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20489 3. Bermejo M. 1999. 刚果共和国奥扎拉国家公园内灵长类的现状与保护. 羚羊, 33(4): 323–331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00081.x 4. Chapman CA, Chapman LJ, Wrangham RW. 1995. 群体规模的生态限制：蜘蛛猴与黑猩猩亚群分析. 行为生态学与社会生物学, 36(1): 59–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00175729 5. Chapman CA, Pavelka MSM. 2004. 叶食性灵长类的群体规模：生态限制与社会因素的潜在影响. 灵长类, 46(1): 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-004-0093-9 6. Defler TR. 1996. 野生绒毛猴（Lagothrix lagothricha）种群的活动范围模式分析. 美国灵长类学杂志, 38(4): 289–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)38:4<289::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-V 7. DeLuycker AM. 2007. 黄尾绒毛猴（Oreonax flavicauda）及其在秘鲁北部阿尔托马约保护林内的生存现状简述. 灵长类保护, 22(1): 41–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1896/052.022.0102 8. 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