Replication Data for: Separated by Politics? Disentangling the Dimensions of Discrimination

How rampant is political discrimination in the United States, and how does it compare to other sources of bias in apolitical interactions? We employ a conjoint experiment to juxtapose the discriminatory effects of salient social categories across a range of contexts. The conjoint framework enables identification of social groups’ distinct causal effects, ceteris paribus, and minimizes ‘cheap talk,’ social desirability bias, and spurious conclusions from statistical discrimination. We find pronounced discrimination along the lines of party and ideology, as well as politicized identities such as religion and sexual orientation. We also find desire for homophily along more dimensions, as well as specific out-group negativity. We also find important differences between Democrats and Republicans, with discrimination by partisans often focusing on other groups with political relevance of their own. Perhaps most striking, though, is how much discrimination emerges along political lines – both partisan and ideological. Yet, counter-stereotypic ideological labels can moderate, and even erase, the discriminatory consequences of party.

美国国内的政治歧视究竟有多猖獗？它与非政治互动中的其他偏见来源相比情况又如何？本研究采用联合实验（conjoint experiment）法，在多种场景下并列呈现凸显社会类别的歧视效应。该联合实验框架能够在其余条件不变的前提下，精准识别不同社会群体的独特因果效应，同时最大限度规避廉价空谈、社会期许偏差以及由统计歧视引发的虚假结论。研究发现，基于党派与意识形态的歧视现象十分显著，宗教、性取向等政治化身份相关的歧视亦如此。研究还发现，受试者在更多维度上存在同群偏好（homophily），同时对特定外群体存在明显的负面态度。研究同时发现，民主党人与共和党人之间存在显著差异：党派人士的歧视行为往往针对自身具有政治关联性的其他群体。不过最令人瞩目的或许是，基于党派与意识形态的政治歧视现象竟如此普遍。然而，与刻板印象相悖的意识形态标签能够缓解甚至消除党派身份带来的歧视后果。