Simon Delso et al 2016 - Supplementary 2_Raw_data_and_analyses.zip

Raw data and analyses of article: <b>The challenges of predicting pesticide exposure of honey bees at landscape level</b><br> To evaluate the risks of pesticides for pollinators, we must not only evaluate their toxicity but also understand how pollinators are exposed to these xenobiotics in the field. We focused on this last point and modeled honey bee exposure to pesticides at the landscape level. Pollen pellet samples (n = 60) from 40 Belgian apiaries were collected from late July to October 2011 and underwent palynological and pesticide residue analyses. Areas of various crops around each apiary were measured at 4 spatial scales. The most frequently detected pesticides were the fungicides boscalid (n = 19, 31.7%) and pyrimethanil (n = 10, 16.7%) and the insecticide dimethoate (n = 10, 16.7%). We were able to predict exposure probability for boscalid and dimethoate by using broad indicators of cropping intensity, but it remained difficult to identify the precise source of contamination (e.g. specific crops in which the use of the pesticide is authorized). For pyrimethanil, we were not able to build any convincing landscape model that could explain the contamination. Our results, combined with the late sampling period, strongly suggest that pesticides applied to crops unattractive to pollinators, and therefore considered of no risk for them, may be sources of exposure through weeds, drift to neighboring plants, or succeeding crops.<br><br>DOI - 10.1038/s41598-017-03467-5论文原始数据与分析结果：**景观尺度下蜜蜂农药暴露预测的挑战** 为评估农药对传粉昆虫的风险，不仅需要对其毒性进行评价，还需阐明传粉昆虫在野外环境中如何暴露于这些外源性化学物质（xenobiotics）。本研究聚焦于上述后者，构建了景观尺度下蜜蜂农药暴露的预测模型。我们于2011年7月下旬至10月间，从比利时40个养蜂场采集了60份花粉团样本（n=60），并对其开展孢粉学（palynological）与农药残留分析。在4种空间尺度下，对每个养蜂场周边各类作物的种植面积进行了测算。检出率最高的农药包括杀菌剂啶酰菌胺（boscalid，n=19，占比31.7%）、嘧霉胺（pyrimethanil，n=10，占比16.7%），以及杀虫剂乐果（dimethoate，n=10，占比16.7%）。我们可通过作物种植强度的通用表征指标，预测啶酰菌胺与乐果的暴露概率，但仍难以确定污染的精确来源（例如：被许可使用该农药的特定作物）。针对嘧霉胺，我们未能构建出可解释其污染情况的可靠景观模型。结合本次较晚的采样周期来看，我们的研究结果强烈表明：施用于对传粉昆虫无吸引力的作物（因此此前被认为无相关风险）的农药，可能通过杂草、农药漂移至邻近植株或后续种植作物，成为蜜蜂的暴露源。 DOI：10.1038/s41598-017-03467-5