Median of online revision keystrokes.

Cultural translations of L1 and L2, in both directions, can indicate different behaviors of translators, influenced by the unique characteristics of each culture and the proficiency of the translator trainees’ bicultural competence. This study compares translator trainees’ behaviors when engaged in direct translation (L2 to L1) and inverse translation (L1 to L2) of cultural references to reveal the extent to which directionality influences trainees’ actual and perceived behaviors. Following a hypothesis-based observational design, the authors examine a single group’s behaviors under two conditions (direct translation and inverse translation), using Translog-II and a questionnaire. The data are analyzed quantitatively using the Wilcoxon test and descriptive statistics. The key findings indicate that inverse translation demands more cognitive effort than direct translation, particularly in online revision (n = 16, z = -3.206, p双向第一语言（L1）与第二语言（L2）的文化翻译，可反映出译者的差异化行为表现，此类行为受各文化的独特特质以及译者受训者的跨文化能力熟练度影响。本研究针对文化指涉内容的正向翻译（L2转L1）与反向翻译（L1转L2）场景，对比译者受训者的行为表现，以探明翻译方向在多大程度上影响受训者的实际行为与感知行为。本研究采用基于假设的观察式研究设计，作者团队借助Translog-II软件与调查问卷，对同一组受训者在两种翻译条件（正向翻译与反向翻译）下的行为表现进行考察。研究数据采用威尔科克森符号秩检验（Wilcoxon test）与描述性统计方法进行定量分析。核心研究结果显示，反向翻译相较于正向翻译需要付出更多认知努力，尤其是在在线修订环节（n = 16, z = -3.206, p