3D models: the dynamics of the prehistoric communities located in the Mostiștea Valley and Danube Plain (between Oltenița and Călărași)

This dataset is part of a larger project on the dynamics of the prehistoric communities located in the Mostiștea Valley and Danube Plain (between Oltenița and Călărași), supervised by the ArchaeoSciences Division of the Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB) and Kiel University (Germany), in partnership with HOGENT, University of Applied Sciences and Arts (Belgium), Museum of Bucharest, Museum of the Lower Danube Călărași, Museum of Gumelnița Civilization Oltenița, and "Vasile Pârvan" Institute of Archaeology (Romania), under the "Sultana School of Archaeology" initiative. Spatial data play a crucial role in archaeological research, and orthophotos, digital elevation models, and 3D models are frequently used for the mapping, documentation, and monitoring of archaeological sites. Thanks to the availability of compact and low-cost uncrewed airborne vehicles, the use of UAV-based photogrammetry is well matured in this field over the last two decades. More recently, compact airborne systems are also available that allow the recording of thermal data, multispectral data, and airborne laser scanning. For this project, various platforms and sensors are applied at the Chalcolithic archaeological sites in the Mostiștea Basin and Danube Valley (Southern Romania). By analyzing the performance of the systems and the resulting data, insight is given into the selection of the appropriate system for the right application. This analysis requires thorough knowledge of data acquisition and data processing as well. As both laser scanning and photogrammetry typically result in very large amounts of data, a special focus is also required on the storage and publication of the data. Hence, the objective of this project is to provide a full overview of various aspects of 3D data acquisition for UAV-based mapping. Based on the conclusions drawn in our related publications, it is stated that photogrammetry and laser scanning can result in data with similar geometrical properties when acquisition parameters are appropriately set. On the one hand, however, the used ALS-based system outperforms the photogrammetric platforms in terms of operational time and the area covered. On the other hand, conventional photogrammetry provides flexibility that might be required for very low-altitude flights, or emergency mapping. Furthermore, as the used ALS sensor only provides a geometrical representation of the topography, photogrammetric sensors are still required to obtain true color- or false color composites of the surface. Lastly, the variety of data, like pre- and post-rendered raster data, 3D models, and point clouds, requires the implementation of multiple methods for the online publication of data. Various client-side and server-side solutions are presented to make the data available for other researchers.本数据集隶属于一项针对莫斯蒂察河谷与多瑙河平原（奥尔泰尼察与卡拉拉西之间区域）史前社群动态的大型研究项目。该项目由布加勒斯特大学研究院考古科学部（ArchaeoSciences Division of the Research Institute of the University of Bucharest，简称ICUB）与德国基尔大学联合主导，合作伙伴包括比利时应用科学与艺术大学霍根特分校、布加勒斯特博物馆、下多瑙河卡拉拉西博物馆、古姆尔尼察文明奥尔泰尼察博物馆，以及罗马尼亚“瓦西里·帕尔万”考古研究所，项目依托“考古学苏丹娜学院”倡议开展。 空间数据在考古研究中具有核心地位，正射影像（orthophotos）、数字高程模型（digital elevation models）与三维模型常被用于考古遗址的测绘、建档与监测。得益于小型化、低成本的无人驾驶航空器普及，近二十年来，基于无人机（Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV）的摄影测量技术在该领域已趋于成熟。近年来，还出现了可同步采集热红外数据、多光谱数据以及机载激光扫描数据的小型机载系统。 本项目在罗马尼亚南部莫斯蒂察流域与多瑙河谷的铜石并用时代考古遗址中，搭载了多款平台与传感器。通过分析各系统的性能与产出数据，可为特定应用场景下的最优系统选型提供参考。此类分析同样需要对数据采集与处理流程具备深入认知。由于激光扫描与摄影测量通常会产生海量数据，因此数据存储与发布也成为本项目的重点关注方向。 因此，本项目的目标是全面梳理基于无人机测绘的三维数据采集各环节。基于相关已发表研究的结论，当采集参数设置合理时，摄影测量与激光扫描可产出几何特性相近的数据。但一方面，本次使用的机载激光扫描（Airborne Laser Scanning, ALS）系统在作业时长与覆盖面积上优于摄影测量平台；另一方面，传统摄影测量具备更高灵活性，可满足超低空飞行或应急测绘的需求。此外，由于本次使用的ALS传感器仅能提供地形的几何表征，仍需借助摄影测量传感器获取地表的真彩色或假彩色合成影像。最后，本项目产出的各类数据（包括预渲染与后渲染栅格数据、三维模型与点云）需要采用多种方法实现线上发布，本项目也提出了多款客户端与服务端解决方案，以供其他研究人员使用。