Results of CSD test and heterogeneity test.

Clean energy development can bring numerous benefits, such as decreased greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, and increased job opportunities in the green industry. These advantages can be achieved through the collaborative efforts of all stakeholders involved. Ultimately, adopting clean energy can lead to a healthier planet and economy. Energy availability and scarcity influence the aggregated economy. The present study explores the interrelationships between financial openness, trade openness, gross capital formation, urbanization, financial development, education, and energy within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations. A panel of 56 nations has considered empirical investigation for 2002–2020. The coefficients extracted from CS-ARDL revealed a catalyst role of openness in the energy mix, especially the inclusion of clean energy both in the long run and short. The asymmetric evaluation revealed that positive negative shocks in openness lead to a positive association with energy consumption. Moreover, the asymmetric association was also exposed through the execution of a standard Wald test. The study findings show that FO, TO, and GCF are critical in energy sustainability in BRI nations. It implies that clean energy inclusion in the energy mix might be amplified, and energy sustainability may be ensured. The energy transition of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations is significantly affected by financial, trade, and domestic capital adequacy. The success of sustainable energy policies is determined by several factors, which play a crucial role in countries participating in BRI projects; the findings provide insight into the complex interdependencies among the variables above and their effects on the energy dynamics within the BRI region. Furthermore, the research findings hold considerable significance for policymakers as they offer valuable insights into the possible synergies and trade-offs among these factors that can facilitate sustainable energy transitions in the BRI economies.清洁能源发展可带来多重利好，包括减少温室气体排放、改善空气质量，以及为绿色产业创造更多就业岗位。上述利好可通过所有相关利益攸关方的协同努力得以实现。归根结底，推广清洁能源可助力打造更健康的地球与更可持续的经济体系。 能源的可得性与稀缺性会对整体经济产生影响。本研究聚焦“一带一路”倡议（Belt and Road Initiative, BRI）沿线国家，探讨了金融开放（Financial Openness, FO）、贸易开放（Trade Openness, TO）、总资本形成（Gross Capital Formation, GCF）、城市化、金融发展、教育水平与能源之间的相互关联。本研究以56个国家为面板研究对象，选取2002—2020年的数据开展实证分析。从横截面自回归分布滞后模型（Cross-sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag, CS-ARDL）中提取的系数表明，开放程度对能源结构具有催化作用，无论长期还是短期维度，均能推动清洁能源在能源结构中的占比提升。非对称分析结果显示，开放程度的正向与负向冲击均会与能源消费呈现正向相关关系。此外，通过标准瓦尔德检验（Wald test）也验证了该非对称关联的存在。 本研究结果表明，金融开放（FO）、贸易开放（TO）与总资本形成（GCF）是“一带一路”沿线国家实现能源可持续发展的关键因素。这意味着，能源结构中清洁能源的占比或可进一步提升，能源可持续性也能够得到有效保障。“一带一路”倡议（BRI）成员国的能源转型，显著受到金融开放、贸易开放与国内资本充足水平的影响。可持续能源政策的成功落地取决于诸多因素，这些因素在参与“一带一路”项目的国家中发挥着关键作用；本研究结果揭示了上述变量之间复杂的相互依存关系，以及它们对“一带一路”地区能源动态的影响。此外，本研究结果对政策制定者具有重要参考价值，因为其揭示了上述因素间可能存在的协同效应与权衡关系，有助于推动“一带一路”经济体实现可持续能源转型。