Regulation on Pardosa pseudoannulata maternal care by pulli through promoting m-Aminophenylacetylene generation-Supplement information table.xlsx

As a representative animal with the maternal care (MC) property, female lycosidaen spiders exhibit extensive MC with typical pulli-carrying (PC) behaviour that mother spiders carry the newly-hatched spiderlings (pulli) on their back of abdomens. Using <em>Pardosa pseudoannulata</em> (Araneae, Lycosidae) as a representative species, it was found that MC in Lycosidae spiders was regulated by pulli. When PC females were separated from pulli, they lost MC, reflecting in the increase of pulli cannibalism and decrease in pulli carrying. Continuous exposure of non-PC females (virgin females and females at post-reproduction stage) to pulli boosted up MC. The compound m-Aminophenylacetylene (m-A) stood out in the cuticular component comparison between PC and non-PC females as m-A was abundantly present in PC females but was scarce in non-PC females. The concentration of m-A positively correlated with MC in spiders. The m-A content in non-PC females were increased when adding pulli. Topical application of m-A to non-PC females triggered MC in females. The results indicated that <em>P. pseudoannulata</em> pulli could sensitize female MC by activating m-A generation. The sensitization of <em>P. pseudoannulata</em> MC through m-A was first reported in arthropods. m-A is different from all substances for MC sensitization in mammals and represents a novel regulator on arthropod MC. MC is important for the population growth for Lycosidae spiders. As a natural enemy against a range of insect pests, the artificial regulation of <em>P. pseudoannulata</em> MC by m-A and its analogues will protect its pulli and promote its effectiveness in the biological control.

作为具备母性抚育（Maternal Care, MC）特性的代表性类群，狼蛛科雌性成体展现出典型的携幼行为（Pulli-carrying, PC），即母蛛将初孵幼蛛（pulli）背负于腹部背面。本研究以拟环纹豹蛛（*Pardosa pseudoannulata*，Araneae: Lycosidae）为模式物种，发现狼蛛科蜘蛛的母性抚育行为受初孵幼蛛调控：当携幼雌性成体与初孵幼蛛分离后，其母性抚育行为会丧失，具体表现为幼蛛同类相食率上升、携幼行为发生率下降；而非携幼雌性成体（处女雌性及繁殖后期雌性）持续接触初孵幼蛛，可提升其母性抚育行为水平。在携幼与非携幼雌性成体的表皮组分对比分析中，间氨基苯乙炔（m-Aminophenylacetylene, m-A）表现显著——该物质在携幼雌性体内含量丰富，而在非携幼雌性体内含量极低。蜘蛛体内m-A的浓度与其母性抚育行为水平呈正相关：当非携幼雌性接触初孵幼蛛后，其体内m-A的含量会升高；将m-A涂抹于非携幼雌性体表，可诱导其产生母性抚育行为。上述结果表明，拟环纹豹蛛的初孵幼蛛可通过激活雌性成体的m-A合成，增强其母性抚育行为。本研究首次在节肢动物中报道了通过m-A增强拟环纹豹蛛母性抚育行为的现象：m-A与已知的哺乳类母性抚育行为增强物质均不相同，是一类全新的节肢动物母性抚育行为调控因子。母性抚育行为对狼蛛科蜘蛛的种群增长至关重要，作为多种农业害虫的天敌，利用m-A及其类似物人工调控拟环纹豹蛛的母性抚育行为，可保护其初孵幼蛛，提升该天敌对害虫的生物防治效能。