ON THE SYNTAX OF OUGHT-TO-BE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH AND WITHOUT A SPECIFIC ADDRESSEE

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the (ought-to-be) deontic, which is analyzed from the concepts of obligation discussed in Castañeda (1970), Feldman (1986) and Hacquard (2006, 2010). From co-occurrence tests of an ought-to-be modal with other elements in the CP layer – in particular, with the wh-phrase por que ( why ) and with adverbial elements, it was found that ought-to-be is interpreted between the high projections IntP and ModP. It was also shown that an ought-to-be can be used in an utterance with or without a specific addressee and that this difference reflects in the syntax. The proposal is to extend the analysis by Portner, Pak and Zanuttini (2019), developed for Korean speech style particles, to the ought-to-be deontic, postulating that this deontic, when used with a specific addressee, integrates a structure in which the cP category is projected, which allows features that express the speaker-addressee relation, such as status, to be checked. Consequently, this modal is restricted to the matrix domain. When, however, it appears in an utterance without a specific addressee, it integrates a structure without the projection of cP, since it does not refer to the speaker-addressee relationship. In this case, it can appear in both the matrix and embedded domains.摘要 本文聚焦于（应然型）道义模态（ought-to-be deontic），其分析基于Castañeda（1970）、Feldman（1986）与Hacquard（2006、2010）中讨论的义务概念。通过对应然道义模态与CP层内其他成分——尤其是疑问短语por que（对应英语why，即"为什么"）——以及状语成分的共现检验，本文发现应然道义模态的语义解读位于IntP与ModP这两个高位投射短语之间。研究同时证实，应然道义模态可用于带有特定受话者或无特定受话者的话语中，且该差异会在句法层面得到体现。本文提出将Portner、Pak与Zanuttini（2019）针对韩语语体助词所构建的分析框架拓展至应然道义模态研究，具体假设如下：当应然道义模态与特定受话者共现时，其整合的结构会投射cP范畴，这使得诸如身份地位这类体现发话者-受话者关系的特征得以核查。据此，该情态成分的使用被限制在主句域中。而当应然道义模态出现在无特定受话者的话语中时，其整合的结构不会投射cP，因为此时并不涉及发话者与受话者的关系。在此情况下，该情态成分可同时出现在主句域与内嵌域中。