Grape (Vitis Vinifera) Pomace Flour as Pigment Agent of Quail Eggs

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary grape pomace flour (GPF) inclusion on the performance and egg quality of European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) in lay. One hundred ninety-two (192), 42-day-old quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% grape pomace flour inclusion) with six replicates of eight birds each. The performance parameters egg weight (g), average feed intake (g/bird), total feed intake (g/bird), egg production (%) and feed conversion ratio (kg/dozen) were evaluated, as well as egg quality traits Haugh unit, albumen weight (g), yolk weight (g), eggshell thickness (mm), egg specific gravity (g/cm3), and yolk pigmentation. There was no effect (p>0.05) of dietary GPF levels on egg production, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio. Egg weight, albumen weight, and egg specific gravity linearly decreased (p<0.05) as GPM levels increased in the diet. Haugh unit and eggshell thickness were not affected (p>0.05) by the treatments. A quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed for yolk weight, with an estimated maximal inclusion level of grape pomace flour of 4.18% to obtain the highest yolk weight. A quadratic effect (p<0.05) was also observed on yolk pigmentation, with an estimated minimal level of 3.2% for this parameter. The minimal inclusion of 3.2% of grape pomace flour in quail diets influenced the egg yolk pigmentation, demonstrating its efficiency as a pigmentation additive.

摘要
本研究旨在评估日粮葡萄果渣粉（grape pomace flour, GPF）的添加对产蛋期欧洲鹌鹑（Coturnix coturnix coturnix）生产性能与蛋品质的影响。试验选取192只42日龄鹌鹑，采用完全随机试验设计（completely randomized design），设置4个日粮葡萄果渣粉添加水平组（0%、2%、4%、6%），每组设6个重复，每个重复包含8只鹌鹑。
本研究测定的生产性能指标包括：蛋重（g）、平均采食量（g/只）、总采食量（g/只）、产蛋率（%）及料蛋比（feed conversion ratio，kg/打）；蛋品质指标包括：哈氏单位（Haugh unit）、蛋白重（g）、蛋黄重（g）、蛋壳厚度（mm）、蛋比重（egg specific gravity，g/cm³）及蛋黄着色度。
结果表明，日粮葡萄果渣粉添加水平对产蛋率、采食量及料蛋比无显著影响（P>0.05）。随着日粮中GPM添加水平的升高，蛋重、蛋白重及蛋比重呈线性下降（P<0.05）。各处理组对哈氏单位及蛋壳厚度无显著影响（P>0.05）。蛋黄重呈现二次效应（P<0.05），经估算，当日粮葡萄果渣粉添加水平为4.18%时，可获得最高蛋黄重。蛋黄着色度同样呈现二次效应（P<0.05），经估算，该指标的最优添加水平为3.2%。在鹌鹑日粮中添加3.2%的葡萄果渣粉即可显著改善蛋黄着色度，证明其可作为高效的着色添加剂。