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Annual Ice Velocity of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2001-2010)

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Mendeley Data2024-06-25 更新2024-06-27 收录
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We derive surface ice velocity using data from 16 satellite sensors deployed by 6 different space agencies. The list of sensors and the year that they were used are listed in the following (Table S1). The SAR data are processed from raw to single look complex using the GAMMA processor (www.gamma-rs.ch). All measurements rely on consecutive images where the ice displacement is estimated from tracking or interferometry (Joughin et al. 1998, Michel and Rignot 1999, Mouginot et al. 2012). Surface ice motion is detected using a speckle tracking algorithm for SAR instruments and feature tracking for Landsat. The cross-correlation program for both SAR and optical images is ampcor from the JPL/Caltech repeat orbit interferometry package (ROI_PAC). We assembled a composite ice velocity mosaic at 150 m posting using our entire speed database as described in Mouginot et al. 2017 (Fig. 1A). The ice velocity maps are also mosaicked in annual maps at 150 m posting, covering July, 1st to June, 30th of the following year, i.e. centered on January, 1st (12) because a majority of historic data were acquired in winter season, hence spanning two calendar years. We use Landsat-1&2/MSS images between 1972 and 1976 and combine image pairs up to 1 year apart to measure the displacement of surface features between images as described in Dehecq et al., 2015 or Mouginot et al. 2017. We use the 1978 2-m orthorectified aerial images to correct the geolocation of Landsat-1 and -2 images (Korsgaard et al., 2016). Between 1984 and 1991, we processed Landsat-4&5/TM image pairs acquired up to 1-year apart. Only few Landsat-4 and -5 images (~3%) needed geocoding refinement using the same 1978 reference as used previously. Between 1991 and 1998, we process radar images from the European ERS-1/2, with a repeat cycle varying from 3 to 36 days depending on the mission phase. Between 1999 and 2013, we use Landsat-7, ASTER, RADARSAT-1/2, ALOS/PALSAR, ENVISAT/ASAR to determine surface velocity (Joughin et al., 2010; Howat, I. 2017; Rignot & Mouginot, 2012). After 2013, we use Landsat-8, Sentinel-1a/b and RADARSAT-2 (Mouginot et al., 2017). All synthetic aperture radar (SAR) datasets are processed assuming surface parallel flow using the digital elevation model (DEM) from the Greenland Mapping Project (GIMP; Howat et al., 2014) and calibrated as described in Mouginot et al., 2012, 2017. Data were provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) the EU Copernicus program (through ESA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). SAR data acquisition were coordinated by the Polar Space Task Group (PSTG). References: Dehecq, A, Gourmelen, N, Trouve, E (2015). Deriving large-scale glacier velocities from a complete satellite archive: Application to the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya. Remote Sensing of Environment, 162, 55–66. Howat IM, Negrete A, Smith BE (2014) The greenland ice mapping project (gimp) land classification and surface elevation data sets. The Cryosphere 8(4):1509–1518. Howat, I (2017). MEaSUREs Greenland Ice Velocity: Selected Glacier Site Velocity Maps from Optical Images, Version 2. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. Joughin, I., B. Smith, I. Howat, T. Scambos, and T. Moon. (2010). Greenland Flow Variability from Ice-Sheet-Wide Velocity Mapping, J. of Glac.. 56. 415-430. Joughin IR, Kwok R, Fahnestock MA (1998) Interferometric estimation of three dimensional ice-flow using ascending and descending passes. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 36(1):25–37. Joughin, I, Smith S, Howat I, and Scambos T (2015). MEaSUREs Greenland Ice Sheet Velocity Map from InSAR Data, Version 2. [Indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. Michel R, Rignot E (1999) Flow of Glaciar Moreno, Argentina, from repeat-pass Shuttle Imaging Radar images: comparison of the phase correlation method with radar interferometry. J. Glaciol. 45(149):93–100. Mouginot J, Scheuchl B, Rignot E (2012) Mapping of ice motion in Antarctica using synthetic-aperture radar data. Remote Sens. 4(12):2753–2767. Mouginot J, Rignot E, Scheuchl B, Millan R (2017) Comprehensive annual ice sheet velocity mapping using landsat-8, sentinel-1, and radarsat-2 data. Remote Sensing 9(4). Rignot E, Mouginot J (2012) Ice flow in Greenland for the International Polar Year 2008-2009. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L11501:1–7.

本研究依托6个不同航天机构部署的16颗卫星传感器获取的数据,反演地表冰体流速。所用传感器及其使用年份详见下表(表S1)。 合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)数据采用GAMMA处理器(www.gamma-rs.ch)从原始数据处理为单视复数影像(single look complex, SLC)。所有流速测量均基于连续影像,通过匹配跟踪或干涉测量法估算冰体位移(Joughin等,1998;Michel & Rignot,1999;Mouginot等,2012)。 针对SAR仪器,本研究采用斑点跟踪算法;针对陆地卫星(Landsat)影像,则采用特征跟踪算法,以检测地表冰体运动。SAR与光学影像的互相关程序均采用JPL/加州理工学院重复轨道干涉测量套件(ROI_PAC)中的ampcor程序。 本研究整合全部速度数据库,以150米的像元分辨率构建合成冰流速镶嵌图,具体方法详见Mouginot等,2017(图1A)。 冰流速图还被拼接为年度镶嵌图,分辨率为150米,时间范围为当年7月1日至次年6月30日,即时间中心为1月1日(12)——这是由于多数历史数据采集于冬季,因此该年度镶嵌图覆盖两个日历年。 本研究使用1972年至1976年间的陆地卫星(Landsat)-1&2/多光谱扫描仪(Multispectral Scanner, MSS)影像,采用间隔不超过1年的影像对,以测量影像间地表特征的位移,具体方法详见Dehecq等,2015或Mouginot等,2017。 我们采用1978年获取的2米正射航空影像,对Landsat-1和-2影像进行地理定位校正(Korsgaard等,2016)。 1984年至1991年间,本研究处理了间隔不超过1年的陆地卫星(Landsat)-4&5/专题制图仪(Thematic Mapper, TM)影像对。仅有约3%的Landsat-4和-5影像需要使用前述1978年参考数据进行地理编码精校正。 1991年至1998年间,本研究处理了欧洲空间局(ESA)的ERS-1/2雷达影像,其重复周期根据任务阶段不同介于3天至36天之间。 1999年至2013年间,本研究采用Landsat-7、高级星载热发射和反射辐射计(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, ASTER)、雷达卫星(RADARSAT)-1/2、先进对地观测卫星/相控阵L波段合成孔径雷达(ALOS/PALSAR)、环境卫星/先进合成孔径雷达(ENVISAT/ASAR)数据确定地表流速(Joughin等,2010;Howat, I. 2017;Rignot & Mouginot, 2012)。 2013年之后,本研究采用Landsat-8、哨兵1号(Sentinel-1)a/b与RADARSAT-2数据(Mouginot等,2017)。 所有SAR数据集均采用格陵兰制图项目(Greenland Mapping Project, GIMP;Howat等,2014)提供的数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model, DEM),假设地表平行流动进行处理,并按照Mouginot等,2012、2017的方法进行校准。 本研究的数据由欧洲空间局(ESA)、欧盟哥白尼计划(通过ESA提供)、加拿大航天局(CSA)、日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(JAXA)、意大利空间局(ASI)、德国航空航天中心(DLR)以及美国国家航空航天局(NASA)提供。 SAR数据采集由极地空间任务组(PSTG)协调。 参考文献: Dehecq, A, Gourmelen, N, Trouve, E (2015). 从完整卫星档案反演大规模冰川流速:以帕米尔-喀喇昆仑-喜马拉雅地区为例. 《环境遥感》,162,55–66. Howat IM, Negrete A, Smith BE (2014) 格陵兰冰制图项目(GIMP)地表分类与地表高程数据集. 《冰冻圈》8(4):1509–1518. Howat, I (2017). MEaSUREs格陵兰冰流速:光学影像选定冰川站点流速图,版本2. 美国科罗拉多州博尔德市. 美国国家雪冰数据中心分布式主动存档中心(NASA). Joughin, I., B. Smith, I. Howat, T. Scambos, and T. Moon. (2010). 基于冰盖全域流速制图的格陵兰冰流变化. 《冰川学杂志》56, 415-430. Joughin IR, Kwok R, Fahnestock MA (1998) 利用升轨与降轨过境影像开展三维冰流的干涉测量估算. 《IEEE地球科学与遥感汇刊》36(1):25–37. Joughin, I, Smith S, Howat I, and Scambos T (2015). MEaSUREs格陵兰冰盖流速图(干涉合成孔径雷达数据,版本2). [注明所用子集]. 美国科罗拉多州博尔德市. 美国国家雪冰数据中心分布式主动存档中心(NASA). Michel R, Rignot E (1999) 基于重复轨道航天飞机成像雷达影像的阿根廷莫雷诺冰川流速:相位相关法与雷达干涉测量法的对比. 《冰川学杂志》45(149):93–100. Mouginot J, Scheuchl B, Rignot E (2012) 利用合成孔径雷达数据绘制南极冰运动图. 《遥感》4(12):2753–2767. Mouginot J, Rignot E, Scheuchl B, Millan R (2017) 利用Landsat-8、Sentinel-1与RADARSAT-2数据构建综合年度冰盖流速制图. 《遥感》9(4). Rignot E, Mouginot J (2012) 2008-2009国际极地年期间格陵兰岛的冰流. 《地球物理学研究快报》39, L11501:1–7.
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2023-06-28
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