Mini-Review on Placebo and Nocebo effects

Abstract background: Placebo and nocebo effects have a great impact on the medical field. However, the complexity and narratives of this subject have obscured basic concepts. There is a conflict in definitions, causal relations and other factors that create confusion in the field. Furthermore, interest and output of research have risen on this subject. The aim of this research is to create an introduction for students and physicians with no prior experience in the field. Methodology: A systematic review of placebo and nocebo effects was carried out. Keywords "placebo", "nocebo", "effect" and "review" were searched on 3 databases and indexed journals (Pubmed, The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine). Not available articles were searched using the CRAI directory of Universidad del Quindío. The results were restricted to the last 25 years. The article has been organized upon PRISMA guidelines. Data extraction and management was carried out using a method created by Burns and Grove and later expanded by Guirao-Goris et al. Results: 349 articles were found using these restrictions. 98 articles were filtered after screening. At the evaluation stage, 112 articles were excluded depending on rigour and quality. At the synthesis stage 29 articles were excluded due to overlapping data. 127 articles were used on the final manuscript.

研究背景：安慰剂效应（placebo）与反安慰剂效应（nocebo）对医学领域影响深远，但该主题的复杂性与叙事属性掩盖了其核心概念，在定义、因果关系等维度均存在认知冲突，引发学界混乱。此外，近年来该领域的研究关注度与产出量持续攀升。本研究旨在为无相关领域经验的学生与临床医师提供入门指引。
研究方法：本研究针对安慰剂效应与反安慰剂效应开展系统性综述。通过PubMed、《柳叶刀》（The Lancet）、《新英格兰医学杂志》（The New England Journal of Medicine）这3个数据库及索引期刊，以关键词“安慰剂”“反安慰剂”“效应”“综述”进行检索；对于无法获取的文献，通过金迪奥大学（Universidad del Quindío）的CRAI目录进行补充检索。检索结果限定于近25年内发表的文献。本研究严格遵循PRISMA指南进行文章组织。数据提取与管理流程采用伯恩斯与格罗夫（Burns and Grove）提出、后经吉拉奥-戈里斯等人（Guirao-Goris et al.）拓展的方法完成。
研究结果：通过上述检索限定条件，共检索到349篇文献。经初筛后，98篇进入后续筛选流程；在评估阶段，依据研究严谨性与质量标准排除112篇文献；在综合分析阶段，因数据重复排除29篇文献，最终纳入127篇文献用于本论文撰写。