Maximum Active Power Transmission Efficiency and Apparent Power Definition with Arbitrary Waveforms

A proof of the theorem giving the maximum available active power with constant transmission losses (i.e., maximum efficiency) valid for arbitrary waveforms, is proposed. This makes it possible to rigorously generalize the definitions of power factor based on the definition of apparent power as the maximum power available to apply them to systems with non-symmetric, non-sinusoidal, and eventually time-varying (i.e., non-periodic) waveforms or DC grids, thus extending its application to hybrid multi-wire systems with asymmetrical phases, with different voltages, frequencies or waveforms (i.e., non-sinusoidal waves, such as rectangular or PWM) and even DC, which can be combined eventually sharing the neutral conductor. Finally, an example of application to a hybrid system composed of DC and unbalanced load inverter-based non-sinusoidal AC subsystems is included.

提出了一项定理的证明，该定理给出了在恒定传输损耗（即最大效率）条件下的最大可用有功功率，且适用于任意波形。这使得可以严格推广基于视在功率定义的功率因数的定义，将之应用于具有非对称性、非正弦波形以及最终随时间变化的（即非周期性）波形或直流电网的系统，从而扩展其应用范围至具有不对称相、不同电压、频率或波形（例如矩形或PWM波形）的混合多线系统，甚至包括直流电网，这些电网最终可以组合在一起共享中性导体。最后，还包括了一个将应用于由直流和不平衡负载逆变器构成的、非正弦交流子系统组成的混合系统的应用实例。