PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF THE SPEECH ACTS OF AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT

This article examines the pragmatic features of the speech acts of agreement and disagreement as they operate in face-to-face and written discourse. Drawing on speech act theory, politeness theory, the Cooperative Principle, and conversation-analytic research on preference organization, the study investigates the illocutionary structure, felicity conditions, and contextual determinants of these two fundamental communicative acts. The article argues that agreement and disagreement are not simply propositional stances but complex pragmatic performances whose form and force are shaped by social variables — power, distance, and the management of face. Special attention is given to the asymmetry between agreement as a preferred and disagreement as a dispreferred action in conversational organization, to the strategies speakers use to soften or intensify disagreement, and to cross-cultural variation in the realization of both acts. The findings underscore the need for a multi-framework pragmatic approach that integrates illocutionary, politeness-theoretic, and interactional dimensions.本文探讨了赞成与反对两类言语行为（speech acts）在面对面交际与书面语篇中的语用特征。本研究依托言语行为理论（speech act theory）、礼貌理论（politeness theory）、合作原则（Cooperative Principle）以及会话分析领域关于偏好组织（preference organization）的相关研究，考察了这两类基本交际行为的言外行为结构（illocutionary structure）、适切条件（felicity conditions）与语境决定因素（contextual determinants）。本文指出，赞成与反对并非单纯的命题立场，而是复杂的语用实践，其形式与语力由权势、社交距离及面子管理等社会变量所塑造。研究特别关注会话组织中“赞成作为偏好行为、反对作为非偏好行为”的不对称性、说话者用以缓和或强化异议的策略，以及两类言语行为实现方式的跨文化差异。研究结果凸显了整合言外行为、礼貌理论及互动维度的多框架语用研究路径的必要性。