Comparison of observed gene diversity (H) with expected gene diversity (HEQ) at mutation-drift equilibrium calculated from the observed number of alleles under the IAM, SMM and TPM for the 17 populations.

IAM, infinite allele model; SMM, stepwise mutation model; TPM, two-phase mutation models. †D / E is the number of loci showing a deficit / excess of gene diversity. Significance estimates of excess or deficiency across loci were obtained using the one-tailed Wilcoxon test and the sign test. *P≤0.05, **P≤0.01.