Various resources related to the Experts Workshop on Bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean, held in Hobart, Sep 2006

In September 2006, twenty-three scientists from six countries attended an Experts Workshop on Bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean held in Hobart, Australia. The workshop was hosted by the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, and WWF-Australia, and sponsored by Antarctic expedition cruise operator, Peregrine Adventures. The workshop was designed to assist with the development of methods that might be used to partition the Southern Ocean for the purposes of large-scale ecological modelling, ecosystem-based management, and consideration of marine protected areas.The aim of the workshop was to bring together scientific experts in their independent capacity to develop a 'proof of concept' for a broad-scale bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean, using physical environmental data and satellite-measured chlorophyll concentration as the primary inputs.Issues examined during the workshop included the choice of data and extraction of relevant parameters to best capture ecological properties, the use of data appropriate for end-user applications, and the relative utility of taking a hierarchical, non-hierarchical, or mixed approach to regionalisation. The final method involved the use of a clustering procedure to classify individual sites into groups that are similar to one another within a group, and reasonably dissimilar from one group to the next, according to a selected set of parameters (e.g. depth, ice coverage, temperature).The workshop established a proof of concept for bioregionalisation of the Southern Ocean, demonstrating that this analysis can delineate bioregions that agree with expert opinion at the broad scale. Continuation of this work will be an important contribution to the achievement of a range of scientific, management and conservation objectives, including large-scale ecological modelling, ecosystem-based management and the development of an ecologically representative system of marine protected areas.This metadata record provides links to the report from that workshop, the appendices to that report, and the ArcGIS files and Matlab code used during the workshop.The report is in PDF format.The Appendices to the report are in PDF format and contain:Appendix 1: Approaches to bioregionalisation - examples presented during the workshop Antarctic Environmental Domains Analysis CCAMLR Small-Scale Management Units for the fishery Antarctic krill in the SW Atlantic Australian National Bioregionalisation: Pelagic Regionalisation Selecting Marine Protected Areas in New Zealand's EEZAppendix 2: Technical information on approach to bioregionalisationAppendix 3: Descriptions of datasets used in the analysisAppendix 4: Results of secondary regionalisation using ice and chlorophyll dataAppendix 5: Biological datasets of potential use in further bioregionalisation workAppendix 6: Details of datasets, Matlab code and ArcGIS shapefiles included on the CDThe ArcGIS archive is in zip format and contains the shapefiles and other ArcGIS resources used to produce the figures in the report.The Matlab archive is in zip format and contains the Matlab code and gridded data sets used during the workshop. See the readme.txt file in this archive for more information.Description of datasetsSea surface temperature (SST)Mean annual sea surface temperatures were obtained from the NOAA Pathfinder satellite annual climatology (Casey and Cornillon 1999). This climatology was calculated over the period 1985-1997 on a global 9km grid. Monthly values were averaged to obtain an annual climatology.Casey, K.S. and P. Cornillon (1999) A comparison of satellite and in situ based sea surface temperature climatologies, J. Climate, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1848-1863. BathymetryDepth data were obtained from the GEBCO digital atlas (IOC, IHO and BODC, 2003). These data give water depth in metres and are provided on a 1-minute global grid. Centenary Edition of the GEBCO Digital Atlas, published on CD-ROM on behalf of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the International Hydrographic Organization as part of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, British Oceanographic Data Centre, Liverpool, U.K. See http://www.gebco.net and https://www.bodc.ac.uk/projects/data_management/international/gebco/ A metadata record can be obtained from: http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/metadata_redirect.cfm?md=AMD/AU/gebco_bathy_polygonsNutrient concentrationsSilicate and nitrate concentrations were obtained from the WOCE global hydrographic climatology (Gouretski and Koltermann, 2004). This climatology provides oceanographic data on a 0.5 degree regular grid on a set of 45 standard levels covering the depth range from the sea surface to 6000m. The silicate and nitrate concentrations were calculated from seawater samples collected using bottles from stationary ships. The nutrient concentrations at the 200m depth level were used here; concentrations are expressed in micro mol/kg.https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/woce-global-hydrographic-climatology/Gouretski, V.V., and K.P. Koltermann, 2004: WOCE Global Hydrographic Climatology. Technical Report, 35, Berichte des Bundesamtes fur Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie.Insolation (PAR)The mean summer climatology of the photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR) at the ocean surface was obtained from satellite estimates (Frouin et al.). These PAR estimates are obtained from visible wavelengths and so are not available over cloud- or ice-covered water, or in low-light conditions including the austral winter. Hence in the sea ice zone, this climatology represents the average PAR calculated over the period for which the water was not ice-covered.https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/l3Robert Frouin, Bryan Franz, and Menghua Wang. Algorithm to estimate PAR from SeaWiFS data Version 1.2 - Documentation.Chlorophyll-aMean summer surface chlorophyll-a concentrations were calculated from the SeaWiFS summer means. We used the mean of the 1998-2004 summer values. Chlorophyll concentrations are expressed in mg/m^3.https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/l3Sea iceWe calculated the mean fraction (0-1) of the year for which the ocean was covered by at least 15% sea ice. These calculations were based on satellite-derived estimates of sea ice concentration spanning 1979-2003.http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0079.htmlComiso, J. (1999, updated 2005). Bootstrap sea ice concentrations for NIMBUS-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I. Boulder, CO, USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Southern Ocean FrontsThese are the front positions as published by Orsi et al. (1995).Orsi A, Whitworth T, III, Nowlin WD, Jr (1995) On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Research 42:641-673Use of these data are governed by the following conditions:1. The data are provided for non-commercial use only.2. Any publication derived using the datasets should acknowledge the Australian Antarctic Data Centre as having provided the data and the original source (see the relevant metadata record listed in the description below for the proper citation).

2006年9月，来自6个国家的23名科学家出席了在澳大利亚霍巴特举办的南大洋（Southern Ocean）生物区域化（Bioregionalisation）专家研讨会。本次研讨会由南极气候与生态系统合作研究中心（Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre）与世界自然基金会澳大利亚分会（WWF-Australia）联合主办，南极探险邮轮运营商Peregrine Adventures提供赞助。
本次研讨会旨在助力开发适用于南大洋分区的方法，以支撑大规模生态建模、基于生态系统的管理以及海洋保护区的规划工作。
本次研讨会的目标是以科研专家的独立身份齐聚一堂，依托物理环境数据与卫星观测的叶绿素浓度作为核心输入变量，为南大洋大范围生物区域化构建概念验证（proof of concept）框架。
研讨会期间探讨的议题包括：筛选可最优表征生态特性的数据与提取相关参数、适配终端用户应用场景的数据使用规范，以及采用层级式、非层级式或混合式方法进行区域划分的相对实用性。
最终采用的方法为聚类分析流程，依据选定的参数（如水深、海冰覆盖率、水温）将单个站点归类为组内相似、组间差异显著的集群。
本次研讨会成功完成了南大洋生物区域化的概念验证，证明该分析方法可在大尺度上划分出符合专家共识的生物区域。延续该项研究工作，将对达成多项科研、管理与保护目标起到重要支撑作用，包括大规模生态建模、基于生态系统的管理以及构建具有生态代表性的海洋保护区体系。
本元数据（metadata）记录提供了本次研讨会的报告、报告附录，以及研讨会期间使用的ArcGIS文件与Matlab代码的相关链接。报告采用PDF格式。
报告附录同样采用PDF格式，包含以下内容：
附录1：生物区域化方法——研讨会展示的案例
南极环境域分析
西南大西洋南极磷虾渔业CCAMLR小型管理单元
澳大利亚国家生物区域化：远洋区域划分
新西兰专属经济区（EEZ）内海洋保护区的遴选
附录2：生物区域化方法的技术细节
附录3：分析中使用的数据集说明
附录4：基于海冰与叶绿素数据的二级区域划分结果
附录5：可用于后续生物区域化研究的生物数据集
附录6：光盘中包含的数据集、Matlab代码与ArcGIS矢量文件详情
ArcGIS存档文件为ZIP压缩格式，内含用于制作报告附图的矢量文件与其他ArcGIS相关资源。Matlab存档文件同样为ZIP压缩格式，包含研讨会期间使用的Matlab代码与网格化数据集。可查阅存档文件中的readme.txt文件获取更多信息。
### 数据集说明
1. 海表温度（Sea Surface Temperature, SST）
年均海表温度数据源自NOAA Pathfinder卫星年度气候学数据集（Casey与Cornillon，1999）。该气候学数据集基于1985-1997年的观测数据，以全球9公里网格分辨率生成。通过对月度值取平均得到年度气候学数据。
引用文献：Casey, K.S. 与 P. Cornillon (1999) 卫星与原位海表温度气候学数据集的对比，《气候学报》，第12卷第6期，第1848-1863页。
2. 水深测深数据
水深数据源自GEBCO数字地图集（IOC、IHO与BODC，2003）。该数据集以米为单位记录水深，采用全球1分钟网格分辨率。本数据集为《通用大洋水深图》项目的百年纪念版数字地图集，由政府间海洋学委员会与国际水道测量组织委托英国海洋学数据中心（British Oceanographic Data Centre, 英国利物浦）以光盘形式发布。相关网址：http://www.gebco.net 与 https://www.bodc.ac.uk/projects/data_management/international/gebco/。元数据记录可通过以下链接获取：http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/metadata_redirect.cfm?md=AMD/AU/gebco_bathy_polygons
3. 营养盐浓度
硅酸盐与硝酸盐浓度数据源自WOCE全球水文气候学数据集（Gouretski与Koltermann，2004）。该数据集以0.5度规则网格为基础，包含45个标准深度层的海洋学数据，覆盖从海表至6000米的水深范围。本次研究使用了200米深度层的硅酸盐与硝酸盐浓度数据，单位为微摩尔/千克（μmol/kg）。
数据来源：https://odv.awi.de/data/ocean/woce-global-hydrographic-climatology/
引用文献：Gouretski, V.V. 与 K.P. Koltermann, 2004: WOCE全球水文气候学数据集。技术报告第35号，联邦海事与水文局报告。
4. 入射光合有效辐射（Insolation, PAR）
海表光合有效辐射（Photosynthetically Active Radiation, PAR）的夏季平均气候学数据源自卫星反演结果（Frouin等人）。该PAR反演数据基于可见光波段，无法获取云层或海冰覆盖海域以及包括南极冬季在内的低光照条件下的观测值。因此在海冰区域，该气候学数据集代表了无冰覆盖时段的平均PAR值。
数据来源：https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/l3
引用文献：Robert Frouin, Bryan Franz, 与 Menghua Wang. 基于SeaWiFS数据估算PAR的算法V1.2 - 文档说明。
5. 叶绿素-a浓度
夏季表层叶绿素-a浓度数据源自SeaWiFS夏季平均值。本次研究使用了1998-2004年夏季的平均浓度值，单位为毫克/立方米（mg/m³）。
数据来源：https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/l3
6. 海冰覆盖率
本研究计算了全年海洋被至少15%海冰覆盖的平均占比（取值范围0-1）。计算基于1979-2003年的卫星反演海冰浓度数据。
数据来源：http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0079.html
引用文献：Comiso, J. (1999, 2005年更新). 基于NIMBUS-7 SMMR与DMSP SSM/I的Bootstrap海冰浓度反演方法。美国科罗拉多州博尔德：国家冰雪数据中心（NSIDC），数字媒体。
7. 南大洋锋面
该锋面位置数据源自Orsi等人（1995）的发表成果。
引用文献：Orsi A, Whitworth T, III, Nowlin WD, Jr (1995) 南极绕极流的经向范围与锋面分布。《深海研究》42:641-673
使用本数据集需遵守以下条款：
1. 本数据集仅可用于非商业用途。
2. 基于本数据集产生的任何出版物，需注明澳大利亚南极数据中心提供了数据支持，并标注原始数据源（详见下述描述中的相关元数据记录以获取规范引用格式）。