Data for: The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive output in lizards

Life-history theory suggests that the optimal reproductive output of an
organism is affected by factors such as energy acquisition and predation
risk. The observation that some organisms actively search for their prey
and others ambush them creates the expectation of different energy needs
and predation risk associated with each foraging behavior, the so-called
“foraging-mode paradigm”.  Although this paradigm has been around
for decades, the empirical evidence consists of conflicting results
derived from competing models based on different mechanisms. For instance,
models within the foraging-mode paradigm suggest that widely-foraging
females have evolved low reproductive output, because a heavy reproductive
load decreases their ability to escape from predators. By contrast, a
long-standing prediction of evolutionary theory indicates that organisms
subject to high extrinsic mortality, should invest more in reproduction.
Here, we present the first partial evidence that widely-foraging species
have evolved greater reproductive output than have sit-and-wait species,
which we attribute to a larger body size and greater mortality among
mobile foragers. According to our findings, we propose a theoretical model
that could explain the observed pattern in lizards, suggesting ways for
evolutionary ecologists to test mechanistic hypotheses at the
intraspecific level.

生活史理论（life-history theory）指出，生物体的最优繁殖产出受能量获取、捕食风险等多重因素调控。观测显示，部分生物会主动搜寻猎物，而另一些则采取伏击策略，这预示着两类觅食行为对应截然不同的能量需求与捕食风险，即所谓的“觅食模式范式（foraging-mode paradigm）”。尽管该范式已提出数十年，但现有实证证据均源自基于不同机制的竞争性模型，所得研究结果相互矛盾。例如，觅食模式范式下的相关模型提出，主动搜寻型物种（widely-foraging species）的雌性个体进化出较低的繁殖产出，原因在于沉重的繁殖负荷会削弱其逃避捕食者的能力。与之形成鲜明对比的是，进化论中长期存在的一项预测指出，承受较高外在死亡率的生物体，应在繁殖上投入更多资源。本文首次提供了部分实证证据，表明主动搜寻型物种相较于伏击待机型物种（sit-and-wait species），进化出了更高的繁殖产出，我们将这一现象归因于移动觅食者更大的体型与更高的死亡率。基于本研究结果，我们提出了一个可解释蜥蜴类群观测到的演化模式的理论模型，并为进化生态学家检验种内水平的机制性假说提供了可行路径。