Data from: Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: The Heart Healthy Hoods project

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Background

Previous studies found a complex relationship between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and walkability. These studies did not include neighborhood dynamics. Our aim was to study the association between area-level SES and walkability in the city of Madrid (Spain) evaluating the potential effect modification of neighborhood dynamics.

Methods

All census sections of the city of Madrid (n = 2415) were included. Area-level SES was measured using a composite index of 7 indicators in 4 domains (education, wealth, occupation and living conditions). Two neighborhood dynamics factors were computed: gentrification, proxied by change in education levels in the previous 10 years, and neighborhood age, proxied by median year of construction of housing units in the area. Walkability was measured using a composite index of 4 indicators (Residential Density, Population Density, Retail Destinations and Street Connectivity). We modeled the association using linear mixed models with random intercepts.

Results

Area-level SES and walkability were inversely and significantly associated. Areas with lower SES showed the highest walkability. This pattern did not hold for areas with an increase in education level, where the association was flat (no decrease in walkability with higher SES). Moreover, the association was attenuated in newly built areas: the association was stronger in areas built before 1975, weaker in areas built between 1975 and 1990 and flat in areas built from 1990 on.

Conclusion

Areas with higher neighborhood socioeconomic status had lower walkability in Madrid. This disadvantage in walkability was not present in recently built or gentrified areas.

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研究背景
既往研究已揭示区域层面社会经济地位（SES）与步行友好性之间存在复杂关联，但此类研究均未纳入邻里动态维度。本研究旨在探究西班牙马德里市区域层面社会经济地位与步行友好性的关联，并评估邻里动态对该关联的潜在效应修饰作用。

研究方法
本研究纳入马德里市全部普查分区（n=2415）。区域层面社会经济地位采用涵盖4个维度（教育、财富、职业与居住条件）的7项指标构建的综合指数进行测算。本研究计算了两项邻里动态因子：一是以过去10年教育水平变化为代理变量的绅士化（gentrification）程度，二是以区域住宅单元建筑中位年份为代理变量的邻里建成年代。步行友好性采用包含4项指标（居住密度、人口密度、零售网点、街道连通性）的综合指数进行测算。本研究采用带有随机截距的线性混合模型对关联关系进行建模分析。

研究结果
区域层面社会经济地位与步行友好性呈显著负相关。社会经济地位较低的区域步行友好性最高。但这一模式在教育水平提升的区域并不成立，此类区域中二者关联趋于平缓（社会经济地位提升并未伴随步行友好性下降）。此外，新建区域的这种关联有所减弱：1975年之前建成的区域关联强度较高，1975年至1990年建成的区域关联强度较低，而1990年及之后建成的区域关联则趋于平缓。

研究结论
在马德里市，邻里社会经济地位更高的区域步行友好性更低。但这一步行友好性劣势在新建区域或经历绅士化的区域中并不存在。