Confirmatory factor loadings for IF factors.

Ideas of temporal distortion prevail in the discourse of flow research, where references are often made to “time flying”. Nonetheless, little research has investigated how flow affects time perception in terms of both directionality and surrounding context, particularly within shared flow. Simultaneously, temporal distortion during music listening has been explored, but little is known about how time is experienced by performers. With this in mind, we aimed to investigate whether time distortion is associated with the experience of shared flow state, and the awareness participants have towards influencing factors on such experiences, in the context of music performance. Four groups of Javanese gamelan ensembles (total N = 36, age in years M = 44.83, SD = 14.993, 47.2% female), played in three conditions. We collected qualitative and quantitative data; focus groups and follow-up surveys explored understandings of shared flow and time, while questionnaires included pre-validated scales and an item requiring participants to estimate how much time they thought had passed. Qualitative and mixed methods findings suggest an optimal middle ground of conditions for “time flying” to occur, akin to flow state. Meanwhile, quantitative results indicate a complex relationship between temporal distortion and shared flow, whereby the relationships are opposed under two shared flow factors.时间扭曲的概念在心流（flow）研究的话语体系中颇为盛行，相关论述常援引"时间飞逝"的表述。然而，鲜有研究从方向性与周边语境两个维度探讨心流对时间知觉的影响，尤其是在共享心流（shared flow）情境下。与此同时，现有研究虽已探索音乐聆听过程中的时间扭曲现象，但针对演奏者的时间体验却鲜有关注。有鉴于此，本研究旨在音乐表演的情境中，探究时间扭曲是否与共享心流状态的体验相关，以及参与者对该类体验影响因素的认知情况。本研究招募四组爪哇佳美兰（Javanese gamelan）合奏团（总样本量N=36，年龄均值M=44.83岁，标准差SD=14.993，女性占比47.2%），使其参与三种实验条件下的演奏。研究收集了质性与量化两类数据：焦点小组与追踪调研用于挖掘参与者对共享心流与时间的认知，问卷则包含预先经过效度检验的量表，以及一道要求参与者估算主观流逝时长的题目。质性与混合研究方法的结果显示，"时间飞逝"现象的出现存在最优的中等条件区间，其特征与心流状态相仿。与此同时，量化结果揭示了时间扭曲与共享心流间的复杂关联：在两类共享心流因子下，二者的关联方向恰好相反。