Regression estimates from independent Generalized Estimation Equation models examining the association between each physician characteristic and actual prescribing of beta-blockers (mean = 83%) among heart failure patients (n = 51 physicians and their 287 patients).^*

Note: HF = Heart Failure; ACE = Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. *Generalized Estimation Equation models were additionally adjusted for patient age, ejection fraction, and past medical history of chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, and depression. †Among physicians with a medical degree or doctorate of osteopathy.