Corpora of Venezuelan political discourses (Maduro and Guaidó, 2019-2020)

<p>The project's main aim is to explore the discursive construction of polarisation in two corpora of political discourses (one including speeches and interviews, and another X posts) of Nicolás Maduro and Juan Guaidó, the key figures in the Venezuelan Presidential Crisis. This event began on January 23rd, 2019, when Juan Guaidó proclaimed himself interim president of Venezuela even though Nicolás Maduro had already won the general elections in May 2018. To analyse polarisation in this context and corpus, the project looks at its evaluative collocates, polarising metaphors and social actor representations.</p>

<p>This sample contains two corpora: one of 5 political speeches addressed by Maduro and Guaidó and 4 political interviews targeting these leaders and carried out by the international TV channels BBC and Euronews (33547 words in total), and another of 5448 X posts (199916 words) posted in Nicolás Maduro and Juan Guaidó's official X accounts (@NicolasMaduro and @JGuaido, respectively) during the first and most active year of the presidential crisis, i.e., 2019-2020. Both original posts and retweets are included. Posts in languages other than Spanish were excluded, as well as those containing only emojis and images. As for the political speeches and interviews, the speeches were delivered by both leaders the day of Guaidó's self-proclamation (23 January 2019) and exactly a year after that (23 January 2020), and the interviews were conducted around the same dates (February and March 2019), as detailed below:<p>
<ul>Nicolás Maduro:
<li>Annual commemoration speech and response to Guaidó's self-proclamation (23/01/2019)</li>
<li>Annual commemoration speech (23/01/2020)</li>
<li>BBC interview (12/02/2019)</li>
<li>Euronews interview (13/02/2019)</li>
</ul>
<ul>Juan Guaidó:
<li>Self-proclamation speech (23/01/2019)</li>
<li>World Economic Forum speech (23/01/2020)</li>
<li>National Conflict Resolution speech (21/02/2020)</li>
<li>Euronews interview (18/02/2019)</li>
<li>BBC interview (15/03/2019)</li>
</ul>
<p>Each corpus was divided into two subcorpora for practical purposes, each corresponding to the politicians under study, i.e., Nicolás Maduro and Juan Guaidó.</p>

本项目的核心目标为探究委内瑞拉总统危机的两位核心人物——尼古拉斯·马杜罗（Nicolás Maduro）与胡安·瓜伊多（Juan Guaidó）的两类政治话语语料库中极化现象的话语建构：一类包含二人的政治演讲与访谈，另一类为二人的X平台帖子。此次危机始于2019年1月23日：尽管尼古拉斯·马杜罗已于2018年5月赢得委内瑞拉大选，胡安·瓜伊多仍自行宣布就任委内瑞拉临时总统。为分析该语境与语料中的极化现象，本项目将从评价性搭配词、极化隐喻以及社会行动者表征三个维度展开研究。

本样本包含两类语料库：其一为马杜罗与瓜伊多的5篇政治演讲，以及由国际电视台BBC与欧洲新闻台（Euronews）针对二人开展的4场政治访谈，总词量达33547词；其二为二人在总统危机首年（亦是该危机最活跃的阶段，即2019-2020年）通过官方X平台账号（分别为@NicolasMaduro与@JGuaido）发布的5448条X平台帖子，总词量达199916词。该类语料涵盖原创帖子与转发帖，仅包含表情符号与图片的帖子以及非西班牙语帖子均已被剔除。至于政治演讲与访谈部分，二人的演讲分别发表于瓜伊多自行宣布就任当日（2019年1月23日）以及该事件一周年当日（2020年1月23日），访谈则于同期（2019年2月至3月）开展，详情如下：

### 尼古拉斯·马杜罗相关素材：
1. 周年纪念演讲暨对瓜伊多自行宣布就任的回应（2019年1月23日）
2. 周年纪念演讲（2020年1月23日）
3. BBC访谈（2019年2月12日）
4. 欧洲新闻台访谈（2019年2月13日）

### 胡安·瓜伊多相关素材：
1. 自行宣布就任演讲（2019年1月23日）
2. 世界经济论坛演讲（2020年1月23日）
3. 国家冲突解决演讲（2020年2月21日）
4. 欧洲新闻台访谈（2019年2月18日）
5. BBC访谈（2019年3月15日）

为便于实操，每一类语料库均被划分为两个子语料库，分别对应本研究的两位政治人物——尼古拉斯·马杜罗与胡安·瓜伊多。