Centième anniversaire d'Histoire et conscience de classe et Contribution de Georg Lukács à la critique de la phénoménologie et de l'existentialisme = Centenary of Histoire et conscience de classe and Georg Lukács's Contribution to the Critique of Phenomenology and Existentialism

In this article, we will explore the significant contributions of György Lukács's History and Class Consciousness, a collection of essays written between 1919 and 1922. Published in 1923, the work faced criticism from social-democratic reformists and proto-Stalinists in the Soviet Union. That same year, Karl Korsch's Marxism and Philosophy also received severe criticism. Despite this, both works gained notable underground circulation. Activists from various parties and non-communist intellectuals recognized these books as expressing themes that concerned humanity in the 20th century, such as alienation, reification, and class consciousness. These themes would later influence the theoretical imagination of what some interpreters, like Maurice Merleau-Ponty, would call Western Marxism. Additionally, we will discuss Lukács's The Destruction of Reason, completed in 1952, published in 1962, which is a trenchant criticism of certain strands of philosophy after Marx and their role in the rise of National Socialism. Lukács argued that post-Hegelian philosophy and sociology, from Kierkegaard to Heidegger, contributed to the ideological foundations of fascism. This work further solidified his critique of phenomenology, particularly targeting the methodologies of Husserl and Heidegger, which he believed abstracted human consciousness from its social and historical context. In the last chapter of his work on phenomenology, Lyotard addresses the problem of history, particularly the Marxist critique of Husserl's methodology.

本文将探讨格奥尔格·卢卡奇（György Lukács）的《历史与阶级意识》（History and Class Consciousness）的重要理论贡献——该书是1919年至1922年间撰写的论文集，于1923年出版，甫一面世便遭到苏联社会民主主义改良派与早期斯大林主义者的批判。同年，卡尔·科尔施（Karl Korsch）的《马克思主义与哲学》（Marxism and Philosophy）也遭遇了严厉抨击。尽管如此，两部作品仍在地下获得了可观的传播：各政党的活动家与非共产主义知识分子均认为，书中探讨的异化、物化与阶级意识等主题，直击20世纪人类面临的核心议题。这些主题日后为部分学者（如莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂（Maurice Merleau-Ponty）所称的西方马克思主义）的理论构想提供了重要启发。此外，本文还将探讨卢卡奇的《理性的毁灭》（The Destruction of Reason）：该书完稿于1952年，1962年正式出版，是对马克思之后部分哲学流派及其在纳粹主义兴起中所扮演角色的尖锐批判。卢卡奇指出，从克尔凯郭尔（Kierkegaard）到海德格尔（Heidegger）的后黑格尔哲学与社会学，为法西斯主义的意识形态根基提供了支撑。这部作品进一步强化了他对现象学的批判，尤其直指胡塞尔（Husserl）与海德格尔的方法论——他认为二者将人类意识与其社会历史语境割裂开来。在利奥塔的现象学研究著作的最后一章中，利奥塔探讨了历史问题，尤其是马克思主义对胡塞尔方法论的批判。