Overview of nanoparticle effects

This pathway is giving a summary of currently known nanoparticle effects on cells and organisms. Although there is currently no nanoparticle-specific effect known, there is a cascade of effects triggered if cells or organisms are exposed to nanoparticles: The most abundantly observed event is oxidative stress which causes DNA damage, protein and lipid oxidation, and cell death. The mere overload of nanoparticles in the vesicular system leads to cytoskeleton and cell adhesion problems and interfere with the cell's autophagic system. Some specific nanoparticles are reported to interfere with the cell membrane, others stimulate the blood coagulation system. The release of metal ions from specific nanoparticles challenges the metal disposal system of the cell.

本路径对目前已知纳米颗粒对细胞和生物体的影响进行了总结。尽管目前尚未发现特定的纳米颗粒效应，但当细胞或生物体暴露于纳米颗粒时，会引发一系列连锁反应：最为普遍观察到的现象是氧化应激，该现象导致DNA损伤、蛋白质和脂质氧化，以及细胞死亡。纳米颗粒在囊泡系统中的过量积累会导致细胞骨架和细胞粘附问题，并干扰细胞的自噬系统。一些特定的纳米颗粒据报道会干扰细胞膜，而另一些则刺激血液凝固系统。特定纳米颗粒释放的金属离子对细胞的金属排泄系统构成了挑战。