Data for: Organic management and landscape heterogeneity combine to sustain multifunctional bird communities in European vineyards

Conserving functionally diverse bird communities in European farmland is
becoming critical, with no exception for regions of wine production.
Management intensification combined with the loss of semi-natural habitats
in wine-growing landscapes has led to a long-term decline in birds of
conservation concern, but also in once common insectivores and seed
eaters. These declines are expected to threaten key ecological functions
provided by vineyard birds, such as pest or weed control, but also their
cultural significance. We analyzed how organic management and landscape
heterogeneity affected taxonomic and functional diversity of 334 bird
communities from 12 regions of the three main wine-producing European
countries (France, Italy and Spain). We further modelled the responses of
community-level metrics measuring mean habitat specialization and bird
song attractiveness to humans, as well as cumulative abundances of
functional insectivores, seed and grape eaters to account for individual
avian functions. We found that organic viticulture enhanced bird
functional diversity and individual functions, but that its positive
effect partially depended on grass cover management in the inter-rows and
landscape heterogeneity. Woodland cover and landscape compositional
heterogeneity increased both taxonomic and functional diversity of bird
communities, as well as functional insectivory. Landscape configurational
heterogeneity also increased functional diversity and mean song
attractiveness of bird communities. Overall, both bird diversity and
functions were enhanced by higher landscape heterogeneity, especially in
organic vineyards. However, mean habitat specialization decreased with
woodland cover and configurational heterogeneity, meaning that open
habitat specialists preferred more even landscapes with high vineyard
cover. Synthesis and applications. Our study highlights the benefits of
combining organic management and partial grass cover at the field level
and promoting interfaces between vineyards and semi-natural habitats at
the landscape level to sustain multifunctional bird communities in
wine-producing European countries.

保护欧洲农田中功能多样的鸟类群落已成为当务之急，葡萄酒产区亦不例外。葡萄酒种植景观内，经营集约化与半自然生境（semi-natural habitats）丧失共同导致了需保育关注的鸟类，以及曾经常见的食虫鸟类与食籽鸟类的长期种群下降。此类种群下降不仅会威胁葡萄园鸟类所提供的害虫防治、杂草防控等关键生态功能，还会损害其文化价值。
本研究针对欧洲三大葡萄酒生产国（法国、意大利、西班牙）12个区域的334个鸟类群落，分析了有机管理与景观异质性（landscape heterogeneity）对其分类多样性（taxonomic diversity）与功能多样性（functional diversity）的影响。本研究还针对群落水平指标（包括平均生境特化度、鸟类鸣唱对人类的吸引力），以及食虫、食籽与食葡萄鸟类的累积丰度（用于表征各类鸟类功能）的响应进行了建模分析。
研究发现，有机葡萄种植（organic viticulture）可提升鸟类功能多样性与单项生态功能，但其积极效应部分依赖于行间地表覆草管理与景观异质性。林地覆被与景观组成异质性（landscape compositional heterogeneity）可提升鸟类群落的分类与功能多样性，同时增强功能型食虫作用（functional insectivory）。景观构型异质性（landscape configurational heterogeneity）同样可提升鸟类群落的功能多样性与平均鸣唱吸引力。总体而言，更高的景观异质性可提升鸟类多样性与生态功能，在有机葡萄园当中这一效应尤为显著。但随着林地覆被与景观构型异质性提升，鸟类的平均生境特化度会出现下降，这表明开阔生境特化物种更偏好葡萄园占比高且结构均质的景观。
综合与应用（Synthesis and applications）：本研究表明，在田间层面结合有机管理与部分地表覆草，在景观层面推动葡萄园与半自然生境的生境界面构建，可助力欧洲葡萄酒产区维持多功能鸟类群落。