How Chronic Fear Results In Hypoxia in Tissues and Cancer in Humans through Bohr Effect

Fear is a number of chain reactions in the brain that occurs when one encounters a potentially harmful stimulus. The amygdala is the part of the brain that receives information from many parts of the brain and interprets this information to generate the emotion of fear. When the amygdala generates a fear emotion, it transmits impulses to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then sends impulses to many numbers of different parts of the body to trigger a fight-or-flight response. Fear hormones are secreted by the adrenal gland. The effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) is increasing heart rate, hypocapnia and declines blood flow to the brain. The effect of cortisol is increasing blood glucose levels by converting stored glycogen and fats into blood sugar. It also suppresses the immune system and causes inflammation. The prime cause of cancer is increasing the amounts of ROS in healthy cells. The aim of this review is to show the effect of chronic fear on the cause of cancer in humans by reviewing related clinical studies and biochemistry of fear and cancer. The role of fear, adrenaline and cortisol in causing the hypoxia in tissues is mentioned in this article.<br>

恐惧是个体遭遇潜在有害刺激时，大脑中发生的一系列链式反应。杏仁核（amygdala）是接收大脑多脑区信号并对其进行解读以产生恐惧情绪的脑区。当杏仁核触发恐惧情绪时，会向下丘脑（hypothalamus）传递神经冲动。随后下丘脑会向身体诸多部位发送神经冲动，以触发战或逃反应。恐惧相关激素由肾上腺（adrenal gland）分泌。肾上腺素（epinephrine）的生理作用包括升高心率、引发低碳酸血症以及减少脑部血流量。皮质醇（cortisol）则通过将体内储存的糖原与脂肪转化为血糖以升高血糖水平；此外它还会抑制免疫系统并诱发炎症反应。癌症的主要诱因是健康细胞内活性氧（Reactive Oxygen Species，ROS）含量升高。本综述旨在通过梳理恐惧与癌症相关的临床研究及生物化学机制，阐明慢性恐惧对人类癌症发生的影响。本文还阐述了恐惧、肾上腺素及皮质醇在引发组织缺氧过程中的作用。