Data from: Using host species traits to understand the consequences of resource provisioning for host–parasite interactions

1.Supplemental food provided to wildlife by human activities can be more
abundant and predictable than natural resources, and subsequent changes to
wildlife ecology can have profound impacts on host–parasite interactions.
Identifying traits of species associated with increases or decreases in
infection outcomes with resource provisioning could improve assessments of
wildlife most prone to disease risks in changing environments. 2.We
conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis of 342 host–parasite interactions
across 56 wildlife species and three broad taxonomic groups of parasites
to identify host-level traits that influence whether provisioning is
associated with increases or decreases in infection. 3.We predicted that
dietary generalists that capitalize on novel food would show greater
infection in provisioned habitats owing to population growth and
food-borne exposure to contaminants and parasite infectious stages.
Similarly, species with fast life histories could experience stronger
demographic and immunological benefits from provisioning that affect
parasite transmission. We also predicted that wide-ranging and migratory
behaviors could increase infection risks with provisioning if concentrated
and non-seasonal foods promote dense aggregations that increase exposure
to parasites. 4.We found that provisioning increased infection with
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa (i.e., microparasites) most for
wide-ranging, dietary generalist host species. Effect sizes for
ectoparasites were also highest for host species with large home ranges
but were instead lowest for dietary generalists. In contrast, the type of
provisioning was a stronger correlate of infection outcomes for helminths
than host species traits. 5.Our analysis highlights host traits related to
movement and feeding behavior as important determinants of whether species
experience greater infection with supplemental feeding. These results
could help prioritize monitoring wildlife with particular trait profiles
in anthropogenic habitats to reduce infectious disease risks in
provisioned populations.

1. 人类活动为野生动物提供的补充食物，相较于天然食物资源往往更为丰富且可预测。由此引发的野生动物生态学变化，会对宿主-寄生虫互作（host–parasite interactions）产生深远影响。明确与资源补给下感染结局增减相关的物种特征，有助于评估在环境变化中最易遭受疾病风险的野生动物类群。
2. 本研究针对56种野生动物、3大类寄生虫类群共342组宿主-寄生虫互作开展系统发育元分析（phylogenetic meta-analysis），以识别影响资源补给与感染结局增减相关性的宿主层面特征。
3. 我们提出如下假说：能够利用新型食物资源的广食性食性物种（dietary generalists），在补给食物的生境中会因种群增长以及经食物传播的污染物、寄生虫感染期虫体暴露，出现更严重的感染情况。同理，生活史较快的物种可从资源补给中获得更强的种群统计学与免疫学益处，进而影响寄生虫传播。此外我们还预测，若集中且非季节性的食物会促使种群形成高密度聚集，从而增加寄生虫暴露风险，则活动范围广且具有迁徙行为的物种在资源补给下的感染风险会升高。
4. 研究结果显示，对于活动范围广的广食性食性宿主物种，资源补给对细菌、病毒、真菌与原生动物（即微寄生虫（microparasites））感染的促进作用最为显著。体表寄生虫（ectoparasites）的效应量（effect sizes）在家域范围较大的宿主物种中同样最高，但在广食性食性宿主中却最低。与之相反，相较于宿主物种特征，补给食物的类型与蠕虫（helminths）的感染结局相关性更强。
5. 本研究明确了与运动和取食行为相关的宿主特征，是决定物种在补充食物供给下感染程度是否升高的关键因素。上述研究结果可用于优先监测人为干扰生境中具有特定特征组合的野生动物，以降低补给食物种群的传染病风险。