Data from: Phylogeography of the dark fruit-eating bat Artibeus obscurus in the Brazilian Amazon

Artibeus obscurus (Mammalia: Chiroptera) is endemic to South America, being found in at least 18 Brazilian states. Recent studies revealed that different populations of this genus present distinct phylogeographic patterns; however, very little is known on the population genetics structure of A. obscurus in the Amazon rainforest. Here, using a fragment (1010bp) of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b from 87 samples, we investigated patterns of genetic divergence among populations of A. obscurus from different locations in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest and compared them with other Brazilian and South American regions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), fixation index (Fst) analysis, and phylogeographic patterns showed divergence between two major monophyletic groups, each one corresponding to a geographic region associated with the Atlantic and Amazon forest biomes. The Atlantic forest clusters formed a monophyletic group with a high bootstrap support and a fragmented distribution that follows the pattern predicted by the Refuge Theory. On the other hand, a different scenario was observed for the Amazon forest, where no fragmentation was identified. The AMOVA results revealed a significant geographic heterogeneity in the distribution of genetic variation, with 70% found within populations across the studied populations (Fst values ranging from 0.05864 to 0.09673; φST = 0.55). The intrapopulational analysis revealed that one population (Bragança) showed significant evidence of population expansion, with the formation of 2 distinct phylogroups, suggesting the occurrence of a subspecies or at least a different population in this region. These results also suggest considerable heterogeneity for A. obscurus in the Amazon region.

暗脉短尾果蝠（Artibeus obscurus，哺乳纲：翼手目）为南美特有物种，目前已在至少18个巴西联邦州境内被发现。近期研究表明，该属蝙蝠的不同种群具有独特的系统地理格局，但学界对亚马孙雨林内暗脉短尾果蝠的种群遗传结构仍缺乏深入了解。本研究基于87份样本的线粒体细胞色素b（cytochrome b）基因片段（长度1010碱基对），对巴西亚马孙雨林不同区域暗脉短尾果蝠种群的遗传分化模式展开分析，并将其与巴西其他区域及南美其他区域的种群进行比对。分子方差分析（Analysis of molecular variance, AMOVA）、固定指数（Fst）分析及系统地理格局检测结果显示，该物种可分为两个主要单系群，分别对应与大西洋森林生物群系和亚马孙森林生物群系相关联的地理区域。大西洋森林类群形成了一个具有高自举支持率的单系群，其碎片化分布格局符合避难所理论（Refuge Theory）的预测；与之相对，亚马孙森林类群呈现出不同的演化场景，未检测到种群分化现象。分子方差分析结果表明，遗传变异的分布存在显著地理异质性，其中70%的遗传变异存在于本次研究涉及的种群内部（Fst值范围为0.05864至0.09673；φST=0.55）。种群内分析显示，布拉甘萨（Bragança）种群存在显著的种群扩张证据，且形成了两个独立的系统发育群，提示该区域存在一个亚种或至少一个独特的种群。本研究结果同样表明，暗脉短尾果蝠在亚马孙区域存在显著的遗传异质性。