CO2 Vertical Profiles on Four Sites over Amazon from 2010 to 2018@en

To improve diagnosis of Amazonia's carbon cycle, starting in 2010, we initiated regular observation of lower troposphere CO2 concentrations at four aircraft vertical profiling sites spread over the Brazilian Amazonia. The four sites from the CARBAM project at Amazonia: SAN (2.86S 54.95W); ALF (8.80S 56.75W); RBA (9.38S 67.62W); TAB (5.96S 70.06W) was from 2010 to 2012 and TEF (3.39S 65.6W), started in 2013. The sampling period was typically twice per month (Gatti et al., 2014; Basso et al., 2016; Miller et al., 2007; d'Amelio et al., 2009; Domingues et al., 2020). Over nine-years, 590 vertical profiles were performed in a descending spiral profile from 4420 m to 300 m a.s.l. A mean of 75 vertical profiles was performed per year from 2010 to 2018 at the 4 sites, except for 2015 and 2016. In 2015 the flight collection was stopped in April at all sites, returning only in November at RBA. In 2016 only RBA and ALF were measured. The vertical profiles were usually taken between 12:0 and 13:00 local time. Air is sampled by semi-automatic filling of 0.7 L boro-silicate flasks inside purpose-built suitcases (PFP -Programmable Flask Package) (Tans et al., 1996); there are two versions, one with 17flasks at SAN, and another with 12 flasks at TAB_TEF, ALF and RBA. This suitcase is connected to a compressor package (PCP –Portable Compressor Package), containing batteries and 2 compressors, which is connected to an air inlet on the outside of the aircraft at wing or window, depending on the aircraft model. Once a PFP (i.e. one vertical profile) has been filled with air the PFP is transported (from 2010 to 2014) to the IPEN (Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares) Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory in Sao Paulo, Brazil and since 2015 to the INPE/ LaGEE(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais/Greenhouse Gases Laboratory), in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. This laboratory is a replica of the NOAA/ESRL/GMD trace gas analysis system at Boulder, Colorado, USA, and was constructed in 2003 and sent to IPEN where started the analysis in 2004.Air samples were analysed with a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyser for CO2. To ensure the accuracy, we construct a calibration curve every 2 samples. The calibration curve constructed with 3-standards concentrations, produced by NOAA/ESRL/GMD. The “High” (10 ppm higher than medium), “medium” (similar to mean CO2 concentration founded in Amazonia), and “Low” (10 ppm lower than medium). […]为提升亚马孙流域碳循环的诊断精度，我们于2010年启动常规观测计划，在覆盖巴西亚马孙地区的4个航空器垂直廓线观测站点开展对流层低层二氧化碳（CO₂）浓度监测。本次观测隶属于亚马孙碳循环（CARBAM）项目，包含4个初始站点：SAN（2.86°S，54.95°W）、ALF（8.80°S，56.75°W）、RBA（9.38°S，67.62°W）、TAB（5.96°S，70.06°W），观测时段为2010至2012年；另有TEF站点（3.39°S，65.6°W）于2013年启动观测。采样频次通常为每月2次（Gatti等，2014；Basso等，2016；Miller等，2007；d'Amelio等，2009；Domingues等，2020）。九年间，我们共完成590次垂直廓线观测，采用从海拔4420米下降至300米的螺旋下降式采样路径。2010至2018年间，除2015年与2016年外，4个站点年均完成75次垂直廓线观测。2015年，所有站点的飞行采样工作于4月暂停，仅RBA站点于11月恢复观测；2016年仅RBA与ALF站点开展了测量。垂直廓线观测通常于当地时间12:00至13:00之间进行。空气样品通过定制手提箱式半自动采样系统，即可编程采样瓶组（Programmable Flask Package，PFP），对0.7L硼硅酸盐玻璃瓶进行灌装采集（Tans等，1996）。该系统分为两个版本：SAN站点配备17个采样瓶，TAB、TEF、ALF及RBA站点则配备12个采样瓶。该采样瓶组与便携式压缩机包（Portable Compressor Package，PCP）相连，该压缩机组搭载电池与两台压缩机，可根据航空器机型通过机翼或舷窗处的外部进气口采集空气。完成一次垂直廓线采样（即一套PFP采样瓶组）后，采样瓶组于2010至2014年间被运送至巴西能源与核研究研究所（Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN）大气化学实验室；2015年起，则改送至巴西圣保罗州圣若泽杜斯坎普斯的国家空间研究所/温室气体实验室（Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais/Greenhouse Gases Laboratory, INPE/LaGEE）。该实验室复刻了美国科罗拉多州博尔德市NOAA/ESRL/GMD的痕量气体分析系统，于2003年建成并移交IPEN，2004年正式启动分析工作。空气样品采用非色散红外分析仪（non-dispersive infrared, NDIR）进行二氧化碳浓度检测。为保障分析精度，每完成2个样品检测即构建一条校准曲线。校准曲线采用NOAA/ESRL/GMD制备的3种浓度标准气体绘制："高标"（比中标高10ppm）、"中标"（与亚马孙地区实测二氧化碳平均浓度相近）与"低标"（比中标低10ppm）。 […]