European Values Study 2008: Georgia (EVS 2008)

Two online overviews offer comprehensive metadata on the EVS datasets and variables.The extended study description for the EVS 2008 provides country-specificinformation on the origin and outcomes of the national surveys The variable overview of the four EVS waves 1981 1990 1999/2000 and 2008 allows for identifying country specific deviations in the question wording within and across the EVS waves.These overviews can be found at:Extended Study DescriptionVariable Overview Moral, religious, societal, political, work, and family values ofEuropeans.Topics: 1. Perceptions of life: importance of work, family, friendsand acquaintances, leisure time, politics and religion; frequency ofpolitical discussions with friends; happiness; self-assessment of ownhealth; memberships and unpaid work (volunteering) in: social welfareservices, religious or church organisations, education, or culturalactivities, labour unions, political parties, local political actions,human rights, environmental or peace movement, professionalassociations, youth work, sports clubs, women´s groups, voluntaryassociations concerned with health or other groups; tolerance towardsminorities (people with a criminal record, of a different race,left/right wing extremists, alcohol addicts, large families,emotionally unstable people, Muslims, immigrants, AIDS sufferers, drugaddicts, homosexuals, Jews, gypsies and Christians - social distance);trust in people; estimation of people´s fair and helpful behaviour;internal or external control; satisfaction with life.2. Work: reasons for people to live in need; importance of selectedaspects of occupational work; employment status; general worksatisfaction; freedom of decision-taking in the job; importance of work(work ethics, scale); important aspects of leisure time; attitudetowards following instructions at work without criticism (obediencework); give priority to nationals over foreigners as well as men overwomen in jobs.3. Religion: Individual or general clear guidelines for good and evil;religious denomination; current and former religious denomination;current frequency of church attendance and at the age of 12; importanceof religious celebration at birth, marriage, and funeral;self-assessment of religiousness; churches give adequate answers tomoral questions, problems of family life, spiritual needs and socialproblems of the country; belief in God, life after death, hell, heaven,sin and re-incarnation; personal God versus spirit or life force; ownway of connecting with the divine; interest in the sacred or thesupernatural; attitude towards the existence of one true religion;importance of God in one´s life (10-point-scale); experience of comfortand strength from religion and belief; moments of prayer andmeditation; frequency of prayers; belief in lucky charms or a talisman(10-point-scale); attitude towards the separation of church and state. 4. Family and marriage: most important criteria for a successfulmarriage (scale); attitude towards childcare (a child needs a home withfather and mother, a woman has to have children to be fulfilled,marriage is an out-dated institution, woman as a single-parent);attitude towards marriage, children, and traditional family structure(scale); attitude towards traditional understanding of one´s role ofman and woman in occupation and family (scale); attitude towards:respect and love for parents, parent´s responsibilities for theirchildren and the responsibility of adult children for their parentswhen they are in need of long-term care; importance of educationalgoals; attitude towards abortion.5. Politics and society: political interest; political participation;preference for individual freedom or social equality; self-assessmenton a left-right continuum (10-point-scale); self-responsibility orgovernmental provision; free decision of job-taking of the unemployedor no permission to refuse a job; advantage or harmfulness ofcompetition; liberty of firms or governmental control; equal incomes orincentives for individual efforts; attitude concerning capitalismversus government ownership; postmaterialism (scale); expectation offuture development (less emphasis on money and material possessions,greater respect for authority); trust in institutions; satisfactionwith democracy; assessment of the political system of the country asgood or bad (10-point-scale); preferred type of political system(strong leader, expert decisions, army should rule the country, ordemocracy); attitude towards democracy (scale).6. Moral attitudes (scale: claiming state benefits withoutentitlement, cheating on taxes, joyriding, taking soft drugs, lying,adultery, bribe money, homosexuality, abortion, divorce, euthanasia,suicide, corruption, paying cash, casual sex, avoiding fare on publictransport, prostitution, experiments with human embryos, geneticmanipulation of food, insemination or in-vitro fertilization and deathpenalty).7. National identity: geographical group the respondent feelsbelonging to (town, region of country, country, Europe, the world);citizenship; national pride; fears associated with the European Union(the loss of social security and national identity, growing expenditureof the own country, the loss of power in the world for one´s owncountry and the loss of jobs); attitude towards the enlargement of theEuropean Union (10-point-scale); voting intensions in the next electionand party preference; party that appeals most; preferred immigrantpolicy; opinion on terrorism; attitude towards immigrants and theircustoms and traditions (take jobs away, undermine a country´s culturallife, make crime problems worse, strain on country´s welfare system,threat to society, maintain distinct customs and traditions); feelinglike a stranger in one´s own country; too many immigrants; importantaspects of national identity (being born in the country, to respectcountry´s political institutions and laws, to have country´s ancestry,to speak the national language, to have lived for a long time in thecountry); interest in politics in the media; give authoritiesinformation to help justice versus stick to own affaires; closeness tofamily, neighbourhood, the people in the region, countrymen, Europeansand mankind; concerned about the living conditions of elderly people,unemployed, immigrants and sick or disabled people.8. Environment: attitude towards the environment (scale: readiness togive part of own income for the environment, overpopulation, disastrousconsequences from human interference with nature, human ingenuityremains earth fit to live in, the balance of nature is strong enough tocope with the impacts of modern industrial nations, humans were meantto rule over the rest of nature, an ecological catastrophe isinevitable).Demography: sex; age (year of birth); born in the country ofinterview; country of birth; year of immigration into the country;father and mother born in the country; country of birth of father andmother; current legal marital status; living together with the partnerbefore marriage or before the registration of partnership; livingtogether with a partner and living with a partner before; steadyrelationship; married to previous partner; living together withprevious partner before marriage; end of relationship; number ofchildren; year of birth of the first child; size and composition ofhousehold; experienced events: the death of a child, of father ormother, the divorce of a child, of the parents or of another relative;age of respondent when these events took place; age at completion ofeducation; highest educational level attained; employment status;employed or self-employed in the last job; profession (ISCO-88) andoccupational position; supervising function and span of control; sizeof company.Social origin and partner: respondent´s partner or spouse: partner wasborn in the country and partner´s country of birth; highest educationallevel; employment status of the partner; employment or self-employmentof the partner in his/her last job; partner´s profession (ISCO-88) andoccupational position; supervising function of the partner and span ofcontrol; unemployment and dependence on social-security of therespondent and his partner longer then three months in the last fiveyears; scale of household income; living together with parents when therespondent was 14 years old; highest educational level offather/mother; employment status of father/mother when the respondentwas 14 years old; profession of father/mother (ISCO-88) and kind ofwork; number of employees (size of business); supervising function andspan of control of father and mother; characterization of the parentswhen respondent was 14 years old (scale: liked to read books, discussedpolitics at home with their child, liked to follow the news, hadproblems making ends meet, had problems replacing broken things);region the respondent lived at the age of 14, present place ofresidence (postal code); size of town; region. Interviewer rating:respondent´s interest in the interview.Additionally encoded: interviewer number; date of the interview; totallength of the interview; time of the interview (start hour and startminute, end hour and end minute); language in which the interview wasconducted.Additional country specific variables are included in this nationaldataset.

两份在线概览提供了关于EVS（欧洲价值观研究，European Values Study）数据集与变量的完整元数据。针对EVS 2008的扩展研究说明，提供了各国调查的起源与实施结果的国别特异性信息。针对四次EVS轮次（1981、1990、1999/2000与2008）的变量概览，可用于识别EVS轮次内部及轮次间的问卷措辞国别偏差。上述概览可于以下位置获取：扩展研究说明、变量概览

**欧洲人道德、宗教、社会、政治、工作与家庭价值观**
研究主题如下：
1. **生活感知**：工作、家庭、朋友与熟人、闲暇时光、政治与宗教的重要性；与友人开展政治讨论的频率；幸福感；自身健康自评；在社会福利服务、宗教或教会组织、教育或文化活动、工会、政党、地方政治行动、人权、环境或和平运动、专业协会、青年工作、体育俱乐部、女性团体、关注健康的志愿协会及其他团体中的成员身份与无偿志愿服务；对少数群体的包容度（有犯罪记录者、不同种族人群、左右翼极端主义者、酗酒者、多子女家庭、情绪不稳定者、穆斯林、移民、艾滋病患者、吸毒者、同性恋者、犹太人、吉普赛人与基督徒——社会距离维度）；对他人的信任度；对他人公平与友善行为的评价；内控型与外控型人格；生活满意度。
2. **工作领域**：民众陷入贫困的原因；职业工作特定维度的重要性；就业状态；总体工作满意度；工作中的决策自主权；工作的重要性（工作伦理量表）；闲暇时光的关键维度；对工作中无条件服从指令的态度；就业时优先录用本国国民而非外籍人士、男性而非女性。
3. **宗教信仰**：善恶的个人或普世明确准则；宗教教派；当前与既往宗教教派；当前及12岁时的教堂礼拜频率；出生、婚礼与葬礼等宗教仪式的重要性；宗教信仰自评；教会能否妥善解答国家的道德议题、家庭生活问题、精神需求与社会问题；对上帝、死后生命、地狱、天堂、原罪与轮回的信仰；人格化上帝 vs. 精神或生命力量；个人与神性的联结方式；对神圣或超自然事物的兴趣；对“存在唯一真宗教”的态度；上帝在个人生活中的重要性（10分量表）；从宗教与信仰中获得慰藉与力量的体验；祈祷与冥想时刻；祈祷频率；对护身符（talisman）的信仰程度（10分量表）；对政教分离的态度。
4. **家庭与婚姻**：美满婚姻的核心评判标准（量表）；对育儿的态度（孩子需要有父母的家庭、女性需生育才能实现自我价值、婚姻是过时的制度、女性作为单亲家长）；对婚姻、子女与传统家庭结构的态度（量表）；对传统性别角色（职业与家庭中的男性与女性角色）的态度（量表）；对以下内容的态度：尊重与爱戴父母、父母对子女的抚养责任，以及成年子女在父母需要长期照护时的赡养责任；教育目标的重要性；对堕胎的态度。
5. **政治与社会**：政治兴趣；政治参与；对个人自由与社会平等的偏好；左右立场连续谱自评（10分量表）；个人责任 vs. 政府保障；失业者可自由选择工作与否，还是无权拒绝工作岗位；竞争的利弊；企业自由 vs. 政府管控；收入均等 vs. 个人努力激励；对资本主义 vs. 政府所有制的态度；后物质主义（量表）；对未来发展的预期（更少关注金钱与物质财富，更尊重权威）；对各类机构的信任度；对民主制度的满意度；对本国政治体系优劣的评价（10分量表）；偏好的政治体制类型（强势领导人、专家决策、军队执政或民主制）；对民主制度的态度（量表）。
6. **道德态度**（量表涵盖：骗取不应得的福利、逃税、偷开车辆、吸食软性毒品、撒谎、通奸、受贿、同性恋、堕胎、离婚、安乐死、自杀、腐败、现金交易、随性性行为、逃避公共交通车费、卖淫、人类胚胎实验、食品基因改造、人工授精或体外受精（in-vitro fertilization）、死刑）。
7. **国家认同**：受访者自认所属的地理群体（城镇、国家内的地区、本国、欧洲、全世界）；公民身份；民族自豪感；对欧盟的担忧（社会保障与民族认同的丧失、本国财政支出增加、本国国际影响力削弱、就业岗位流失）；对欧盟扩容的态度（10分量表）；下次选举的投票意向与政党偏好；最具吸引力的政党；偏好的移民政策；对恐怖主义的看法；对移民及其风俗习惯的态度（抢走本国就业岗位、破坏本国文化生活、加剧犯罪问题、加重本国福利体系负担、威胁社会稳定、保留独特风俗习惯）；在本国感到陌生；移民数量过多；国家认同的关键要素（在本国出生、尊重本国政治制度与法律、拥有本国血统、使用本国语言、在本国长期居住）；对媒体报道政治内容的兴趣；向当局提供信息协助司法调查 vs. 恪守个人私事；对家庭、邻里、本地区民众、本国同胞、欧洲人与全人类的亲近感；关注老年人、失业者、移民与病患或残障人士的生活状况。
8. **环境态度**（量表涵盖：愿意为环保捐献个人部分收入、人口过剩、人类干预自然带来的灾难性后果、人类创造力可维持地球宜居性、自然平衡足以应对现代工业国家的影响、人类理应统治其他自然物种、生态灾难不可避免）。

**人口统计学特征**：性别；年龄（出生年份）；是否在受访国出生；出生国家；移民至受访国的年份；父母是否在本国出生；父母的出生国家；当前法定婚姻状况；婚前或伴侣关系登记前是否与伴侣同居；当前是否与伴侣同居且婚前/登记前曾同居；稳定恋爱关系；与前任伴侣结婚；婚前与前任伴侣同居；恋爱关系终结；子女数量；首个子女的出生年份；家庭规模与构成；经历的事件：子女、父亲或母亲的离世，子女、父母或其他亲属的离婚；上述事件发生时受访者的年龄；完成教育的年龄；最高受教育水平；就业状态；上一份工作是受雇还是自雇；职业（ISCO-88，国际标准职业分类88版）与职业层级；管理职能与管控范围；公司规模。

**社会出身与伴侣信息**：受访者的伴侣或配偶：伴侣是否在本国出生及伴侣的出生国家；最高受教育水平；伴侣的就业状态；伴侣上一份工作是受雇还是自雇；伴侣的职业（ISCO-88）与职业层级；伴侣的管理职能与管控范围；受访者及其伴侣在近5年内失业且依赖社会保障超过3个月的情况；家庭收入量表；受访者14岁时是否与父母同住；父母的最高受教育水平；受访者14岁时父母的就业状态；父母的职业（ISCO-88）与工作类型；雇员数量（企业规模）；父母的管理职能与管控范围；受访者14岁时父母的特征描述（量表涵盖：喜欢读书、在家与子女讨论政治、关注新闻、难以维持收支平衡、无力更换损坏物品）；受访者14岁时的居住地区、当前居住地（邮政编码）；城镇规模；地区。

**访员评级**：受访者对访谈的兴趣程度。

**附加编码项**：访员编号；访谈日期；访谈总时长；访谈时间（开始时与结束时的小时与分钟）；访谈使用的语言。

**本国家级数据集包含额外的国别特异性变量**。