Average fitness and standard deviation of each algorithm across the seven engineering design problems. Ave indicates average fitness, Std indicates standard deviation.

Average fitness and standard deviation of each algorithm across the seven engineering design problems. Ave indicates average fitness, Std indicates standard deviation.各算法在7项工程设计问题上的平均适应度（average fitness）与标准差（standard deviation）。其中Ave代表平均适应度，Std代表标准差。