Risk assessment of two new pesticides on natural enemy insects (Arma custos)

Here, we use Arma custos as a model predator and apply an orthogonal design with fluralaner and M. anisopliae at high (SZG, LJG) and low (SZD, LJD) concentrations.Our goals are to clarify how fluralaner and M. anisopliae alter gut bacterial diversity and core taxa in Arma custos, link microbial variation to host physiology, and thereby support ecological risk assessment, optimize pesticide application, and protect beneficial insects for sustainable agriculture.