INNOVATIONS IN UROLOGICAL SURGERY: FROM OPEN TO ROBOTIC APPROACHES

Minimally invasive techniques have revolutionized the field of urological surgery over the past three decades. Laparoscopy, endourology, and robotic-assisted procedures have replaced many traditional open operations, reducing perioperative morbidity and enhancing recovery. This article reviews recent advances in minimally invasive urology, focusing on key procedures such as radical prostatectomy, nephrectomy, stone management, and reconstructive surgery. Clinical outcomes, patient safety, and future perspectives are analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of minimally invasive approaches in modern urology.

近三十年来，微创技术彻底革新了泌尿外科手术领域。腹腔镜手术（Laparoscopy）、腔内泌尿外科手术（endourology）与机器人辅助手术（robotic-assisted procedures）已取代诸多传统开放手术，降低了围手术期发病率（perioperative morbidity），并加速患者术后康复。本文综述了微创泌尿外科领域的最新进展，重点聚焦根治性前列腺切除术（radical prostatectomy）、肾切除术（nephrectomy）、结石诊疗（stone management）以及重建手术（reconstructive surgery）等核心术式。文中围绕临床结局、患者安全性及未来发展方向展开分析，以期全面阐明微创术式在现代泌尿外科中的应用价值。