Data from: Landscape greening and local creation of wildflower strips and hedgerows promote multiple ecosystem services

1. The explicit and implicit aims of creating ecological focus areas (EFAs) and implementing greening measures in European agro-ecosystems include the promotion of regulatory ecosystem services (ES) to sustain crop production in conventional cropping systems. However, the extent to which these goals are achieved with current policy measures remains poorly explored.
2. We measured insect-mediated pollination and natural pest control service provisioning in 18 winter oilseed rape fields as a function of the independent and interactive effects of local EFA establishment ─ sown wildflower strips and hedgerows ─ and landscape-scale greening measures within a 1 km radius around focal fields and quantified their contribution to crop yield.
3. Insect pollination potential and pest predation increased on average by 10 and 13%, respectively, when landscape-scale greening measures share was increased from 6 to 26%. For pollination, the increase was stronger in fields adjoining an EFA (14%) than in fields without adjacent EFA (7%).
4. Agricultural management practices were the main drivers of crop yield. Neither insect pollination potential or natural pest control (pest predation & parasitism) nor adjacent EFAs and landscape-scale greening significantly affected crop yield in addition to agricultural management.
5. Synthesis and applications. Local establishment of perennial, species–rich wildflower strips and hedgerows, combined with landscape-scale greening measures in agricultural landscapes, can promote multiple ecosystem services (ES) in conventional production systems. Benefits may be maximized when local and landscape measures are combined. However, enhanced pollination and natural pest regulation seem to contribute relatively little to final crop yield compared to local agricultural management practices in the high-input conventional production system studied. Further research is needed to better understand how to improve the effectiveness of ecological focus areas and other greening measures in promoting regulatory ES. Potential improvements include minimising trade-offs while promoting synergies between ES provision, food production and biodiversity conservation.

1. 在欧洲农业生态系统（agro-ecosystems）中设立生态重点区域（Ecological Focus Areas, EFAs）并实施绿化措施（greening measures），其显性与隐性目标均包含推广调节型生态系统服务（regulatory ecosystem services, ES），以维持常规种植系统的作物生产。然而，当前政策措施下这些目标的达成程度仍未得到充分探究。
2. 本研究针对18块冬油菜田（winter oilseed rape fields）开展昆虫介导传粉（insect-mediated pollination）与自然害虫防控服务供给的测定，以分析本地生态重点区域设置——即人工播种野花带（sown wildflower strips）与绿篱（hedgerows）——以及研究田块周边1公里半径范围内的景观尺度绿化措施（landscape-scale greening measures）的独立与交互效应，并量化了二者对作物产量（crop yield）的贡献。
3. 当景观尺度绿化措施占比从6%提升至26%时，昆虫传粉潜力（insect pollination potential）与害虫捕食率平均分别提升10%与13%。就传粉服务而言，毗邻生态重点区域的田块增幅达14%，高于无毗邻生态重点区域田块的7%增幅。
4. 农业管理措施（agricultural management practices）是作物产量的核心驱动因子。除农业管理措施外，昆虫传粉潜力、自然害虫防控（涵盖害虫捕食与寄生作用（parasitism））以及毗邻的生态重点区域与景观尺度绿化措施，均未对作物产量产生显著影响。
5. 综合与应用。在农业景观中设立多年生、物种丰富的野花带与绿篱，并结合景观尺度绿化措施，可在常规生产系统中提升多种调节型生态系统服务。当本地措施与景观尺度措施协同落地时，生态效益可实现最大化。然而，相较于本研究中高投入常规生产系统的本地农业管理措施，增强的传粉服务与自然害虫调控对最终作物产量的贡献相对有限。未来仍需开展更多研究，以明确如何提升生态重点区域与其他绿化措施在推广调节型生态系统服务方面的有效性。潜在优化方向包括在促进生态系统服务供给、粮食生产与生物多样性保护（biodiversity conservation）之间协同效应的同时，尽可能减少各类权衡冲突。