Yorku.forest.October 25.2016.csv

<b>Data Column Headers and Descriptions:</b> <b>census: </b>refers to the number of weeks of observations that have taken place to date for the campus ecology survey in BIOL 2050 Lab Section 02. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>habitat: </b>refers to the habitat in which observations were recorded. The habitat that was assessed is a forest. Forest is defined as a woodlot on campus. <b>lat</b>: refers to the latitude at which observations were recorded. Latitude was approximated using Google Maps. <b>elevation: </b>refers to the elevation at which observations were recorded. <b>long</b>: refers to the longitude at which observations were recorded. Longitude was approximated using Google Maps. <b>rep: </b>refers to the replicate; each replicate is a repetition of the experimental condition. <b>abundance.native.plants: </b>refers to the number of native plants. Native plants are defined as those plants that develop naturally or existed in the area for a long time. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>abundance.exotic.plants:</b> refers to the number of exotic plants. Exotic plants are defined as those plants that do not originate from the location of the study. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>total.number.flowers (quadrat)</b>: refers to the total number of flowers counted in a quadrat. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>abundance.woody.plants: </b>refers to the total number of woody plants counted. Woody plant is defined as a plant that is greater than 1.5 meters in height. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>canopy.cover: </b>refers to the coverage area of the projecting tree crown. Expressed as a percentage. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>ground.cover: </b>refers to the estimated proportion of vegetative ground cover. Expressed as a percentage. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>total.flower.number (transect)</b>: refers to the number of flowers counted within 0.5 meters of the transect. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>abundance.vertebrates</b>: the number of vertebrates (animals) observed within a 50-meter radius in a 15-minute interval. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>vertebrate.richness: </b>refers to the number of species of vertebrates that were observed. Categorical variable. <b>abundance.human: </b>the number of humans observed within a 50-meter radius in a 15-minute interval. These humans were only recorded if they did not belong to the BIOL 2050 laboratory. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>abundance.invertebrates.pantraps: </b>refers to the number of invertebrates counted in the soapy-water-filled bowls after 30 minutes. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>abundance.invertebrates.sweeps: </b>refers to the number of invertebrates counted inside the sweep nets after swinging for 50m. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>abundance.invertebrates.observed: </b>the number of invertebrates (insects) observed within a 5-meter radius in a 15-minute interval. Continuous (numerical) variable. <b>Additional Information:</b> <b>Hypothesis and Predictions: </b> A. It was hypothesized that fewer invertebrates and vertebrates will be found in the forest as temperature decreases. It is predicted that fewer vertebrates will be observed in the forest on October 25^th, 2016 than were observed on September 27^th, 2016 after surveying a 50-meter radius for 15 minutes. It is also predicted that fewer invertebrates will be observed in the forest on October 25^th, 2016 than were observed on September 27^th, 2016 after surveying a 50-meter radius for 15 minutes It is predicted that there will be less invertebrates in the pan traps on October 25^th, 2016 than there were on September 27th, 2016. It was also predicted that there will be fewer invertebrates in the sweep nets on October 25th, 2016 than there were on September 27th, 2016. B. It is hypothesized that there will be a negative relationship between the 2 variables, (abundance of native and exotic plants) in the forest, because the plant species will compete with each other for resources (light, space, food). It is predicted that as the abundance of native plants increases, the fewer exotic plants you will see present the forest. C. It was hypothesized that there is a negative correlation between number of the woody plants and total number of the flowers in the forest. It was predicted that number woody plants will be higher than number of the flowers. The reason is that the percentage of the canopy coverage is higher near the woody plants, therefore blocking the sunlight for the growth of the vegetation and flowers below the trees. Sunlight is an essential source for the growth and photosynthesis of the flowers, less exposure will result in less growth of the small plants. <b>Time Data Was Collected</b>: Tuesday, October 25, 2016. 2:45-3:15 EST. <b>Location of Data</b>: Forest at York University. Latitude and longitude: 43.768756, -79.5079 and 126.30201. <b>Weather Conditions: </b>9 degrees Celsius, sunny, clear conditions. <b>Survey Method</b>: A. The field experiment was conducted using the quadrat sampling technique. A 50m transect was placed on the ground in the forest. An individual would walk along this transect and place a quadrat every 2 meters, alternating left and right along the transect. Each time the quadrats were placed, the total number of exotic and native plants, as well as the total number of flowers within the quadrats were counted and recorded. This sampling technique was repeated for a total of 25 times. B. This experiment was completed using transects. 25 replicates were conducted in the forest. Every two meters along a transect of 50 meters, abundance of woody plants was measured on either side of the transect within 0.5 meters. At these points canopy coverage was observed and recorded by making a square with fingers and holding up and estimating how much of sky you can see. Using the same method the ground coverage was estimated. To measure the ground coverage, a visual area was divided into quadrats, then sum the area covered. At end the total number of flowers was also recorded. C. A 50-meter transect was established perpendicular to the periphery of the forest. Standing at the beginning of the transect, a 50-meter radius was surveyed. The number of vertebrates, the types of vertebrate species, and the number of people (who were not members of the BIOL 2050 Ecology Lab) observed in 15 minutes were recorded. Then, a 5-meter radius from the beginning of the transect was surveyed for 15 minutes. The number of individual invertebrates observed within this 5-meter radius in 15 minutes was recorded. D. 12 bowls with a 6cm diameter and 5cm depth were filled with soapy water and placed in 3m intervals in the forest. The bowl colors were alternated between yellow, blue, and white. The bowls were left for 30 minutes and then the number of invertebrates in the bowl was counted. While waiting the 30 minutes for the pan trap bowls, 50 meters were walked while swinging a sweep net with a 32 cm and a depth of 73 cm from side to side. At the end of the 50 meters, the number of invertebrates captured inside was counted and then the invertebrates released back to the forest. <b>Equipment Used: </b> <b>- </b>transects - 12 plastic bowls with a 6cm diameter and 5cm depth. 4 bowls were blue, 4 bowls were white, and 4 bowls were yellow. - 1 sweep net with a diameter of 32 cm and a depth of 73 cm was used to conduct all the sweep net trials. - quadrats measuring 1 meter by 1 meter

## 数据列标题与说明：
1. **普查（census）**：指截至目前，BIOL 2050实验02组校园生态调查的观测周数，为连续型数值变量。
2. **生境（habitat）**：指记录观测数据的生境类型，本次评估的生境为校园林地，林地定义为校园内的林木地块。
3. **纬度（lat）**：指观测记录的纬度，通过谷歌地图（Google Maps）估算得到。
4. **海拔（elevation）**：指观测记录的海拔高度。
5. **经度（long）**：指观测记录的经度，通过谷歌地图（Google Maps）估算得到。
6. **重复组（rep）**：指实验条件的重复次数，每个重复组为一次实验条件的重复。
7. **本土植物丰度（abundance.native.plants）**：指本土植物的数量，本土植物定义为在该区域自然生长且长期存在的植物，为连续型数值变量。
8. **外来植物丰度（abundance.exotic.plants）**：指外来植物的数量，外来植物定义为非本研究区域原生的植物，为连续型数值变量。
9. **样方内总花数（total.number.flowers (quadrat)）**：指在一个样方（quadrat）中统计的总花朵数量，为连续型数值变量。
10. **木本植物丰度（abundance.woody.plants）**：指统计得到的木本植物总数量，木本植物定义为高度大于1.5米的植物，为连续型数值变量。
11. **冠层覆盖率（canopy.cover）**：指树木伸出的树冠覆盖面积，以百分比表示，为连续型数值变量。
12. **地表植被覆盖率（ground.cover）**：指估算的地表植被覆盖比例，以百分比表示，为连续型数值变量。
13. **样带内总花数（total.flower.number (transect)）**：指在样带（transect）两侧0.5米范围内统计的花朵总数，为连续型数值变量。
14. **脊椎动物丰度（abundance.vertebrates）**：指在15分钟内、50米半径范围内观测到的脊椎动物（动物）数量，为连续型数值变量。
15. **脊椎动物物种丰富度（vertebrate.richness）**：指观测到的脊椎动物物种数量，为分类变量。
16. **人类活动丰度（abundance.human）**：指在15分钟内、50米半径范围内观测到的非BIOL 2050实验室成员的人类数量，为连续型数值变量。
17. **肥皂水诱捕盘采集的无脊椎动物丰度（abundance.invertebrates.pantraps）**：指在盛有肥皂水的诱捕盘（pan trap）中放置30分钟后，统计得到的无脊椎动物数量，为连续型数值变量。
18. **扫网采集的无脊椎动物丰度（abundance.invertebrates.sweeps）**：指沿50米距离挥动扫网（sweep net）后，在网内统计得到的无脊椎动物数量，为连续型数值变量。
19. **目视观测的无脊椎动物丰度（abundance.invertebrates.observed）**：指在15分钟内、5米半径范围内观测到的无脊椎动物（昆虫）数量，为连续型数值变量。

## 补充说明：
### 研究假设与预测
A. 本研究假设：随着温度降低，林地中的无脊椎动物与脊椎动物数量会减少。具体预测如下：
- 在2016年10月25日对50米半径范围开展15分钟调查后，观测到的脊椎动物数量将少于2016年9月27日的观测结果；
- 同样的调查条件下，2016年10月25日观测到的无脊椎动物数量将少于2016年9月27日的观测结果；
- 2016年10月25日的肥皂水诱捕盘中采集到的无脊椎动物数量将少于2016年9月27日的结果；
- 2016年10月25日扫网采集到的无脊椎动物数量将少于2016年9月27日的结果。

B. 本研究假设：林地中本土植物与外来植物的丰度呈负相关关系，原因是植物物种会为光照、空间、养分等资源展开竞争。预测：随着本土植物丰度增加，林地中出现的外来植物数量会减少。

C. 本研究假设：林地中的木本植物数量与总花数呈负相关关系。预测：木本植物的数量将高于总花数，原因是木本植物周边的冠层覆盖率更高，会遮挡树木下方植被与花朵生长所需的光照。光照是花朵生长与光合作用的必需资源，光照不足会导致小型植物生长受限。

## 数据采集时间
2016年10月25日，星期二，东部夏令时（EST）14:45-15:15。

## 数据采集地点
加拿大约克大学校园林地。经纬度：43.768756, -79.5079 与 126.30201。

## 天气状况
气温9摄氏度，晴，天气晴朗无云。

## 调查方法
A. 本野外实验采用样方（quadrat）采样法：在林地中设置一条50米长的样带（transect），调查人员沿样带行走，每间隔2米放置一个样方，沿样带左右交替布置。每次放置样方时，统计并记录样方内的外来植物、本土植物数量以及总花数。该采样流程共重复25次。
B. 本实验采用样带法完成：在林地中开展25次重复实验。沿50米长的样带每间隔2米，对样带两侧0.5米范围内的木本植物丰度进行测量；在该点位，通过双手搭建正方形框架估算可见天空占比，以此记录冠层覆盖率；采用相同方法估算地表植被覆盖率。同时在各点位记录总花数。
C. 设置一条垂直于林地边缘的50米样带，站在样带起点处，对50米半径范围开展15分钟的调查，记录观测到的脊椎动物数量、脊椎动物物种种类以及非BIOL 2050生态实验室成员的人类数量。随后，对样带起点处5米半径范围开展15分钟的调查，记录该范围内观测到的无脊椎动物数量。
D. 准备12个直径6厘米、深度5厘米的塑料容器，装入肥皂水后，以3米间隔布置在林地中，容器颜色依次交替为黄色、蓝色与白色。将诱捕盘放置30分钟后，统计容器内的无脊椎动物数量。等待诱捕盘的30分钟内，沿50米距离来回挥动直径32厘米、深度73厘米的扫网（sweep net），调查结束后统计网内捕获的无脊椎动物数量，并将其放回林地。

## 使用设备
- 样带（transect）
- 12个直径6厘米、深度5厘米的塑料容器，其中蓝色、白色、黄色容器各4个
- 1台直径32厘米、深度73厘米的扫网（sweep net），用于所有扫网采样实验
- 1米×1米的样方（quadrat）若干