Discovery and function of RNA G-quadruplex structures in plants

Emerging evidence shows the importance of RNA G-quadruplex (RG4) structures in regulating gene expression. However, the in vivo folding status of RG4s in eukaryotes has been controversial. Here, we investigate RG4 existence and function in plants. By combining in vitro and in vivo RNA structure chemical profiling methods with immunofluorescence analysis, we discovered hundreds of RG4s folded in plants. Notably, the in vivo folding status of RG4s were remarkably enhanced and induced in response to cold. Using genetic and physiological validations, we found that plants with disrupted RG4s displayed both root developmental changes and insensitivity to cold. Thus, for the first time, our work reveals the existence of RG4s in plants and that plants adopt folded RG4 structures in regulating development and temperature response.