Raw data of the Bandiera et al. 2024 study.

This study examined the effects of cold and hot water immersion on neuromuscular function, sprinting force production, and perceptual responses during a 72-hour recovery in football. 22 active males played a simulated football game and underwent either cold water (CWI) or hot water immersions (HWI) immediately after, and after 24 and 48 hours. Before the simulated game and 24, 48, and 72 hours after, isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps and centraland peripheral determinants of neuromuscular fatigue (femoral nerve electrical stimulation) were assessed, as well as maximal power output and its force/velocity components during repeated sprints. At the same time points, a questionnaire captured perceptual responses. The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. On average for CWI and HWI, peripheral fatigue was observed with a 7.0% decrease in maximal voluntary contraction (P<0.01), with no central fatigue (P=0.88). A loss of sprinting power output of 8.9% at 24 hours (P<0.001) was measured, and delayed onset muscle soreness increased at 24 and 48 hours (P<0.001). No significant differences were found between CWI and HWI for these variables during the recovery. Therefore, HWI could be an interesting alternative, being at least as efficient as the widely used CWI method to recover neuromuscular function, sprinting force production capacities and perceptual responses after a simulated football game.

本研究考察了冷水浸浴（cold water immersion, CWI）与热水浸浴（hot water immersion, HWI）对足球运动72小时恢复阶段内神经肌肉功能、冲刺力量产生能力及主观知觉反应的影响。22名有运动经验的男性受试者完成了一场模拟足球比赛，并于赛后即刻、24小时及48小时后分别接受冷水浸浴（CWI）或热水浸浴（HWI）干预。分别于模拟比赛前、赛后24、48及72小时，对股四头肌（quadriceps）等长最大自主收缩力量、神经肌肉疲劳的中枢与外周影响因素（采用股神经电刺激法）进行评估，同时测定重复冲刺过程中的最大功率输出及其力-速度相关参数。在上述相同时间节点，通过问卷采集受试者的主观知觉反应数据。本研究设定显著性水平为P ≤ 0.05。整体而言，冷水浸浴与热水浸浴两组受试者均出现外周疲劳，表现为最大自主收缩力量下降7.0%（P<0.01），未观察到中枢疲劳（P=0.88）。赛后24小时时，受试者的冲刺最大功率输出下降8.9%（P<0.001），延迟性肌肉酸痛在赛后24与48小时均显著升高（P<0.001）。两类浸浴干预在上述所有观测指标上均未呈现显著组间差异。因此，热水浸浴可作为一种颇具应用前景的替代方案，其在模拟足球比赛后恢复神经肌肉功能、提升冲刺发力能力及改善主观知觉反应方面，至少与目前广泛应用的冷水浸浴方法效果相当。