HWSD2_Climate_and_Socioeconomic_agriculturalsoil_dataset_mainland_portugal

The study uses the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD v2.0) developed by FAO and IIASA for biophysical models and agroecological queries. This database consolidates information from various sources, including the European Soil Database, the 1:1 million soil map of China, and national soil maps from Afghanistan, Ghana, and Türkiye. It has a spatial resolution of around 1 km and is revised in 2013 and 2023. HWSD v2.0 includes detailed information on soil mapping units, general soil unit information, and specific physical and chemical soil unit characteristics across seven depth layers. The database fields cover a wide range of attributes, such as soil texture, bulk density, organic carbon content, pH, and cation exchange capacity. The harmonization process ensures that data from different sources is standardized and integrated, providing a consistent and reliable dataset for various applications. However, the HWSD v2.0 has some limitations, such as combining soil inventories gathered at different times, scales, and precision, which may affect its reliability for national studies. It is recommended to use national-level harmonized soil databases for more accurate results in specific regions. For Portugal's mainland, the data presented in the HWSD v2.0 dataset is sourced from the European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC), which contains various metrics of chemical and physical soil properties. Out of the 2882 Portuguese parishes, only 22 are left out, representing 0.76% percent of the total number of parishes. The study uses several datasets to analyze land use and occupation in Portugal. The Land Use and Occupation Map (COS2007v3.0) is a detailed thematic map of land use and occupation for mainland Portugal, developed by the Directorate-General for Territory (DGT). The data is organized hierarchically and includes 83 classes of land use and occupation. The CHELSA database, maintained by the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), provides bioclimatic indexes for precipitation and average temperature over various temporal intervals and variables. The National Institute of Statistics (INE) provides data on agricultural machinery distribution across different geographical locations. The dataset covers the total number of agricultural machines, as well as specific categories such as wheeled and tracked tractors, motor cultivators, power hoes, motor mowers, and combine harvesters. The dataset also examines the distribution of farms with access to irrigation based on geographical location. The burned land data from 1975 to 2023 provides a comprehensive overview of fire occurrences and their impact over time. This data is crucial for understanding long-term patterns, assessing the effectiveness of fire prevention measures, and informing future land management and policy decisions. Lastly, the population density dataset from the 2021 Census and the 2011 Census provides a decennial comparison of total population density across different geographical regions. These data are essential for understanding the evolution of land use and occupation in Portugal and their implications for environmental and agricultural consequences.本研究采用由联合国粮食及农业组织（Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO）与国际应用系统分析研究所（International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA）联合研发的世界土壤协调数据库（Harmonized World Soil Database, HWSD v2.0），用于生物物理模型构建与农业生态相关查询。该数据库整合了多源数据，包括欧洲土壤数据库、中国1:100万土壤图，以及阿富汗、加纳和土耳其的国家级土壤图。其空间分辨率约为1 km，分别于2013年与2023年完成修订。HWSD v2.0涵盖了7个土层的土壤制图单元详细信息、通用土壤单元属性，以及特定的土壤物理与化学单元特征。 该数据库的字段包含丰富的属性指标，如土壤质地、容重、有机碳含量、pH值以及阳离子交换量。数据协调流程确保了多源数据的标准化与集成，可为各类应用提供一致且可靠的数据集。不过，HWSD v2.0仍存在一定局限性：其整合了不同时间尺度、空间尺度与精度的土壤调查数据，这可能会对国家级研究的可靠性产生影响。针对特定区域的高精度分析，建议采用国家级协调土壤数据库。 针对葡萄牙本土，HWSD v2.0数据集的数据来源于欧洲土壤数据中心（European Soil Data Centre, ESDAC），该中心包含多种土壤化学与物理性质指标。在葡萄牙全部2882个堂区中，仅22个未被纳入，占堂区总数的0.76%。 本研究还采用了多套数据集以分析葡萄牙的土地利用与覆被状况。由葡萄牙领土总局（Directorate-General for Territory, DGT）研发的《土地利用与覆被图（COS2007v3.0）》是针对葡萄牙本土的高精度主题地图，数据采用层级化组织方式，涵盖83类土地利用与覆被类型。由瑞士联邦森林、雪与景观研究所（Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research, WSL）维护的CHELSA数据库，可提供不同时间区间与变量下的降水与平均气温生物气候指标。 葡萄牙国家统计局（National Institute of Statistics, INE）提供了不同地理区域的农业机械分布数据。该数据集涵盖了农业机械总数量，以及轮式拖拉机、履带式拖拉机、动力耕耘机、机动锄地机、机动割草机与联合收割机等特定类别农机的分布情况。此外，数据集还分析了不同地理区域中具备灌溉条件的农场分布状况。 1975年至2023年的过火面积数据集全面呈现了火灾发生情况及其随时间的影响。该数据对于理解长期火灾模式、评估防火措施的有效性，以及为未来土地管理与政策制定提供参考具有重要价值。 最后，基于2021年与2011年人口普查的人口密度数据集，可实现十年间不同地理区域的总人口密度对比分析。这些数据对于理解葡萄牙土地利用与覆被的演变及其对环境与农业的影响至关重要。