Living Costs and Food Survey, 2018-2019

<i>Background</i>:<br> A household food consumption and expenditure survey has been conducted each year in Great Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) since 1940. At that time the <i>National Food Survey</i> (NFS) covered a sample drawn solely from urban working-class households, but this was extended to a fully demographically representative sample in 1950. From 1957 onwards the <i>Family Expenditure Survey</i> (FES) provided information on all household expenditure patterns including food expenditure, with the NFS providing more detailed information on food consumption and expenditure. The NFS was extended to cover Northern Ireland from 1996 onwards. In April 2001 these surveys were combined to form the <i>Expenditure and Food Survey</i> (EFS), which completely replaced both series. From January 2008, the EFS became known as the <i>Living Costs and Food</i> (LCF) module of the <i>Integrated Household Survey</i> (IHS). As a consequence of this change, the questionnaire was altered to accommodate the insertion of a core set of questions, common to all of the separate modules which together comprised the IHS. Some of these core questions are simply questions which were previously asked in the same or a similar format on all of the IHS component surveys. For further information on the LCF questionnaire, see Volume A of the LCF 2008 User Guide, held with SN 6385. Further information about the LCF, including links to published reports based on the survey, may be found on the ONS <a href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/surveys/respondents/household/living-costs-and-food-survey/index.html" title="Living Costs and Food Survey">Living Costs and Food Survey</a> webpage. Further information on the NFS and Living Costs and Food Module of the IHS can be found by searching for 'Family Food' on the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/" title="GOV.UK">GOV.UK</a> website.<br> <br> <i>History</i>:<br> The LCF (then EFS) was the result of more than two years' development work to bring together the FES and NFS; both survey series were well-established and important sources of information for government and the wider community, and had charted changes and patterns in spending and food consumption since the 1950s. Whilst the NFS and FES series are now finished, users should note that previous data from both series are still available from the UK Data Archive, under GNs 33071 (NFS) and 33057 (FES). <br><br> <i>Purpose of the LCF</i><br> The Office for National Statistics (ONS) has overall project management and financial responsibility for the LCF, while the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) sponsors the food data element. As with the FES and NFS, the LCF continues to be primarily used to provide information for the <i>Retail Prices Index</i>, <i>National Accounts</i> estimates of household expenditure, analysis of the effect of taxes and benefits, and trends in nutrition. The results are multi-purpose, however, providing an invaluable supply of economic and social data. The merger of the two surveys also brings benefits for users, as a single survey on food expenditure removes the difficulties of reconciling data from two sources. <i>Design and methodology</i> The design of the LCF is based on the old FES, although the use of new processing software by the data creators has resulted in a dataset which differs from the previous structure. The most significant change in terms of reporting expenditure, however, is the introduction of the <i>European Standard Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose</i> (COICOP), in place of the codes previously used. An additional level of hierarchy has been developed to improve the mapping to the previous codes. The LCF was conducted on a financial year basis from 2001, then moved to a calendar year basis from January 2006 (to complement the IHS) until 2015-16, when the financial year survey was reinstated at the request of users. Therefore, whilst SN 5688 covers April 2005 - March 2006, SN 5986 covers January-December 2006. Subsequent years cover January-December until 2014. SN 8210 returns to the financial year survey and currently covers April 2015 - March 2016. <br><br> <i>Northern Ireland sample</i><br> Users should note that, due to funding constraints, from January 2010 the Northern Ireland (NI) sample used for the LCF was reduced to a sample proportionate to the NI population relative to the UK.<br> <br> <i>Family Food database:</i><br> 'Family Food' is an annual publication which provides detailed statistical information on purchased quantities, expenditure and nutrient intakes derived from both household and eating out food and drink. Data is collected for a sample of households in the United Kingdom using self-reported diaries of all purchases, including food eaten out, over a two week period. Where possible quantities are recorded in the diaries but otherwise estimated. Energy and nutrient intakes are calculated using standard nutrient composition data for each of some 500 types of food. Current estimates are based on data collected in the Family Food Module of the LCFS. Further information about the LCF food databases can be found on the GOV.UK <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/family-food-statistics" title="Family Food Statistics">Family Food Statistics</a> web pages.<br><br> <i>Secure Access version</i><br> A Secure Access version of the LCF from 2006 onwards is available from the UK Data Archive under SN 7047, subject to stringent access conditions. The Secure Access version includes variables that are not included in the standard End User Licence (EUL) version, including geographical variables with detail below Government Office Region, to postcode level; urban/rural area indicators; other sensitive variables; raw diary information files (derived variables are available in the EUL) and the family expenditure codes files. Users are strongly advised to check whether the EUL version is sufficient for their needs before considering an application for the Secure Access version.<br> <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Latest edition information</span><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br></span>For the second edition (December 2020), the DEFRA Family Food anonymised database for 2018-2019 was added to the study. Further information and related publications can be found on the gov.uk <a title="Family Food 2018/19" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/family-food-201819" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Family Food 2018/19</a> webpage.</p><p>Users who require the Family Food data should make sure to download the Access zip file alongside their desired format (SPSS, Stata or tab-delimited) of the ONS expenditure data.</p>

**背景**：<br>自1940年起，英国（不含北爱尔兰）每年都会开展一项家庭食品消费与支出调查。最初，**国家食品调查（National Food Survey, NFS）**的样本仅取自城市工薪阶层家庭，但在1950年扩展为具有完整人口统计代表性的样本。1957年起，**家庭支出调查（Family Expenditure Survey, FES）**开始提供涵盖食品支出在内的全家庭支出模式信息，而NFS则提供更详尽的食品消费与支出数据。1996年起，NFS的覆盖范围扩展至北爱尔兰。2001年4月，两项调查合并为**支出与食品调查（Expenditure and Food Survey, EFS）**，完全取代了原有的两个系列。2008年1月起，EFS更名为**综合家庭调查（Integrated Household Survey, IHS）**的**生活成本与食品（Living Costs and Food, LCF）**模块。此次调整后，问卷进行了修订，以纳入一套适用于组成IHS的所有独立模块的核心问题集。其中部分核心问题仅为此前在IHS各组成调查中以相同或相似格式提出的问题。如需了解LCF问卷的更多信息，请参阅存于英国数据档案馆编号SN 6385的《LCF 2008用户指南》卷A。有关LCF的更多信息（包括基于该调查发布的报告链接），可访问英国国家统计局（ONS）的<a href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/surveys/respondents/household/living-costs-and-food-survey/index.html" title="生活成本与食品调查">生活成本与食品调查</a>网页。如需了解NFS及IHS的生活成本与食品模块的更多信息，可在GOV.UK网站（https://www.gov.uk/）搜索“Family Food”获取。<br><br>**历史**：<br>LCF（当时名为EFS）是历时两年多的开发工作成果，旨在整合FES与NFS两项调查。这两项调查系列均为成熟且重要的信息来源，为政府及社会各界提供数据，并自1950年代起追踪了支出与食品消费的变化趋势与模式。尽管NFS与FES系列现已终止，但用户需注意，两项系列的历史数据仍可通过英国数据档案馆获取，对应编号分别为GN 33071（NFS）与GN 33057（FES）。<br><br>**LCF的用途**<br>英国国家统计局（ONS）负责LCF的整体项目管理与财务职责，而环境、食品与农村事务部（DEFRA）则为食品数据模块提供资助。与此前的FES和NFS一致，LCF的主要用途仍是为**零售价格指数（Retail Prices Index）**、家庭支出的**国民账户（National Accounts）**估算、税费与福利影响分析以及营养趋势研究提供信息。但其结果具备多用途性，可提供极具价值的经济与社会数据。两项调查的合并也为用户带来了便利：单一的食品支出调查消除了整合两个来源数据的难题。<br><br>**设计与方法**<br>LCF的设计基于原FES，但由于数据创建方采用了新的处理软件，生成的数据集与此前的结构有所不同。不过在支出报告方面最显著的变化，是引入了**按用途划分的个人消费欧洲标准分类（European Standard Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose, COICOP）**以替代此前使用的编码体系。此外还开发了额外的层级结构，以优化与原有编码的映射。LCF自2001年起采用财政年度周期开展调查，2006年1月起改为日历年周期（以配合IHS的要求），该模式一直延续至2015-2016财年，随后应用户要求恢复了财政年度周期。因此，SN 5688覆盖的时段为2005年4月至2006年3月，而SN 5986覆盖2006年1月至12月。后续年份均采用日历年周期，直至2014年。SN 8210恢复为财政年度调查，当前覆盖时段为2015年4月至2016年3月。<br><br>**北爱尔兰样本**<br>用户需注意，由于资金限制，自2010年1月起，LCF使用的北爱尔兰（NI）样本规模缩减至与北爱尔兰人口占英国总人口比例相称的水平。<br><br>**家庭食品数据库**<br>“家庭食品（Family Food）”是一份年度出版物，提供从家庭食品及外出就餐食品与饮料中提取的采购数量、支出及营养摄入量的详细统计信息。该数据通过对英国样本家庭开展为期两周的自我报告式日记调查收集，记录所有采购行为（包括外出就餐食品）。日记中尽可能记录采购数量，否则将进行估算。能量与营养摄入量的计算采用约500种食品的标准营养成分数据。当前的估算结果基于LCFS的家庭食品模块收集的数据。有关LCF食品数据库的更多信息，可访问GOV.UK网站的<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/family-food-statistics" title="家庭食品统计">家庭食品统计</a>网页。<br><br>**安全访问版本**<br>2006年及以后的LCF安全访问版本可通过英国数据档案馆获取，编号为SN 7047，但需遵守严格的访问条件。该安全访问版本包含标准最终用户许可（End User Licence, EUL）版本中未涵盖的变量，包括细化至邮政编码级别的低于政府办公区域级别的地理变量、城乡区域标识、其他敏感变量、原始日记信息文件（衍生变量可在EUL版本中获取）以及家庭支出编码文件。强烈建议用户在申请安全访问版本前，先确认EUL版本是否满足其需求。<br><br><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">最新版本信息</span><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br></span>在2020年12月发布的第二版中，本研究新增了2018-2019年的DEFRA家庭食品匿名数据库。更多信息及相关出版物可访问gov.uk网站的<a title="Family Food 2018/19" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/family-food-201819" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2018/19年家庭食品</a>网页。</p><p>需要获取家庭食品数据的用户，请确保下载与所需格式（SPSS、Stata或制表符分隔格式）的ONS支出数据配套的Access压缩文件。</p>