The Roosevelt Rural Sites Study, Volume 2: Prehistoric Rural Settlements in the Tonto Basin, Part 1

The Roosevelt Rural Sites Study (RRS) was one of three data recovery mitigative studies that the Bureau of Reclamation funded to investigate the prehistory of the Tonto Basin in the vicinity of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. The series of investigations constituted Reclamation's program for complying with historic preservation legislation as it applied to the raising and modification of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. Reclamation contracted with Statistical Research, Inc. to conduct this study.

The RRS was a two-year mitigative data designed to study small habitation, agricultural, and resource processing sites, which are located away from the main centers of prehistoric habitation in the Tonto Basin, and to contribute to an ongoing synthetic study of Tonto Basin prehistory. The specific research focus of the Roosevelt Rural Sites Study in Reclamation's overall compliance program was the evolution of prehistoric rural land-use systems in the Tonto Basin. Twenty-nine prehistoric sites grouped into six study areas located in the bajada zone surrounding the lake on lands administered by the Tonto National Forest comprise the data base for this study.

The Roosevelt Rural Sites Study Volume 2, the second of three volumes, presents the results of two phases of archaeological data recovery at the sites selected by Reclamation to provide the primary data base for the RRS. The original data base consisted of 29 prehistoric sites grouped in six study areas located in the bajada zone surrounding the lake, on lands administered by the Tonto National Forest. This number was reduced to 27 after two sites were deleted from further consideration following the first phase of data recovery. Many of these sites, however, contained multiple components representing either different ages or settlement classes. Eight farmsteads and small hamlets ranging in age from the Sacaton phase (around A.D. 1000 to 1150) to the Roosevelt phase (around A.D. 1250 to 1350) were intensively investigated. All represented short-term occupations of less than 100 years by groups of one to three households. The majority of the sites consisted of temporarily- or seasonally-occupied field houses dating to the Miami (A.D. 1150 to 1250), Roosevelt, and possibly Gila (A.D. 1350 to 1450) phases of the Classic period. In addition, three Classic period sites were associated with run-off control and water conservation technology. The two larger sites contained many rock piles, checkdams, and linear borders associated with roasting pits and mescal knives. The field houses and agricultural sites reveal that the bajada zone was utilized for corn and agave cultivation. Residence was small in scale, short-term and primarily limited to the lower edge of the bajada overlooking the floodplain terraces. This land-use pattern was apparently initiated in the early Sedentary period and climaxed in the Roosevelt phase of the Classic period. Traces of an earlier Archaic and later Apache occupation was evidenced at several sites, although little could be determined in regard to the nature of land-use during these periods.

The chapters in this volume document the field excavations and present the results of the analyses of material culture and faunal and human remains. This volume concludes with an analysis of rural settlement classes that synthesizes the project data with those from previous studies of small Formative period sites in the region and a preliminary reconstruction of Formative period land-use patterns.

The third and final volume presents the results of archaeobotanical, soil, and paleoclimatic analyses. These results are examined, along with those from Volume 2, in an interpretive framework derived from an examination of records pertaining to ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and historic land use in central Arizona.

罗斯福乡村遗址研究（Roosevelt Rural Sites Study, RRS）是美国垦务局（Bureau of Reclamation）资助的三项文物保护补救性研究之一，旨在探究西奥多·罗斯福大坝（Theodore Roosevelt Dam）周边通托盆地（Tonto Basin）的史前史。该系列调查构成了垦务局为遵守适用于西奥多·罗斯福大坝加高与改造工程的历史保护法案而制定的工作方案。垦务局委托统计研究公司（Statistical Research, Inc.）开展本项研究。

本项RRS为为期两年的补救性研究，旨在对通托盆地内远离主要史前聚居核心区的小型居住、农业及资源加工遗址开展调查，并为通托盆地史前史的持续性综合研究提供支撑。在垦务局整体合规工作框架下，罗斯福乡村遗址研究的核心研究方向为通托盆地史前乡村土地利用系统的演化历程。本研究的数据库包含29处史前遗址，这些遗址被划分为6个研究区域，分布于通托国家森林（Tonto National Forest）管辖范围内的环湖山麓冲积扇带（bajada zone）。

《罗斯福乡村遗址研究》第二卷为三卷本中的第二分册，呈现了垦务局为构建RRS核心数据库而选定的遗址的两阶段考古数据恢复工作成果。初始数据库原本包含29处史前遗址，分布于通托国家森林管辖范围内的环湖山麓冲积扇带，划分为6个研究区域。在第一阶段数据恢复工作完成后，有2处遗址被排除出后续研究范围，最终研究样本缩减至27处。但其中多数遗址包含多个遗存单元，分别代表不同年代或不同聚落等级。研究团队对8处年代跨度从萨卡顿期（Sacaton phase，公元1000年至1150年左右）至罗斯福期（Roosevelt phase，公元1250年至1350年左右）的农庄与小型村落开展了深入调查。这些遗存均代表1至3户群体的短期聚居，时长不足百年。多数遗址为建于经典期（Classic period）迈阿密期（Miami phase，公元1150年至1250年）、罗斯福期以及可能的吉拉期（Gila phase，公元1350年至1450年）的临时性或季节性田野居所。此外，3处经典期遗址与径流管控及节水技术相关。两处规模较大的遗址包含大量与烘烤坑、龙舌兰加工刀具相关的石堆、拦沙坝与线性田界。田野居所与农业遗址表明，山麓冲积扇带曾被用于玉米与龙舌兰种植。聚居规模小、时长有限，且主要分布于俯瞰洪泛阶地的山麓冲积扇带下缘区域。该土地利用模式显然起源于早期定居期（Sedentary period），并在经典期的罗斯福期达到鼎盛。部分遗址中发现了更早的古风期（Archaic）与后续阿帕奇族（Apache）聚居的痕迹，但目前尚无法明确这两个时期的土地利用性质。

本分册各章节记录了田野发掘工作，并呈现了物质文化（material culture）、动物遗骸（faunal remains）与人类遗骸（human remains）的分析结果。本分册末尾对乡村聚落等级开展了分析，将本项目数据与该区域此前针对形成期（Formative period）小型遗址的研究数据进行整合，并初步重建了形成期的土地利用模式。

第三卷即本系列的终卷，呈现了考古植物学（archaeobotanical）、土壤学与古气候学（paleoclimatic）的分析结果。本卷将结合第二卷的分析结果，依托基于亚利桑那州中部民族志（ethnographic）、民族史（ethnohistoric）与历史土地利用记录构建的解释框架，对上述结果展开解读。