Heatwaves characterization derived from observations and climate projections to assess thermal behavior of regions in Europe (1981-2100)

This dataset provides frequency and severity of heatwaves under past, current and future climate conditions which allows to estimate the thermal behavior of regions in Europe during episodes of extreme heat. A heatwave is typically defined as a “prolonged” period of “extremely high” temperature for a particular region or location. In REACHOUT, “prolonged” is defined by a period of two or more days and “extremely high” is determined per region when daily maximal temperature exceeds its threshold (95th percentile) and the daily minimum temperature exceeds its threshold (90th percentile). The percentiles were obtained considering the values of maximum and minimum temperatures of the region during the summer season of the baseline period of 1981 to 2010. To provide homogeneous data for the whole EU, the input variables used to generate this dataset come from the public, independent and authoritative Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). For the observations the e-OBS dataset is used and for the future projections the EURO-CORDEX dataset. The intermediate (<strong>RCP4.5</strong>) and very high (<strong>RCP8.5</strong>) emissions scenarios were considered. All the data was downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Data Store (CDS). The database is organized in three datasets: Regional_eobs_thresholds_Europe.csv: contains the thresholds that were used to detect the heatwaves for each region. They were calculated considering the values of maximum and minimum temperatures during the summer season of the baseline period (1981-2010). The columns are: <strong>region</strong>: unique identifier of the corresponding EUROSTAT NUTS_ID. <strong>tmax</strong>: daily maximum temperature threshold. <strong>tmin</strong>: daily minimum temperature threshold. Historical_eobs_heatwaves_Europe.csv: heatwaves of the historical period (1981-2021) for each region. The columns are: <strong>region</strong>: unique identifier of the corresponding EUROSTAT NUTS_ID. <strong>start</strong>: first date of the heatwave. <strong>tmax</strong>: maximum temperature reached during the heatwave. <strong>intensity</strong>: the sum of the degrees of the maximum and minimum temperatures over their corresponding thresholds. <strong>duration</strong>: duration of the heatwave. Future_and_baseline_eobs_heatwaves_Europe.csv: ensemble future projections of heatwaves. The columns are: <strong>hazard_level</strong>: it can be a warning, an alert or an alarm. <strong>region</strong>: unique identifier of the corresponding EUROSTAT NUTS_ID. <strong>experiment</strong>: emission scenario. It can be baseline, rcp-4-5 or rcp-8-5. <strong>period</strong>: it can be 1981-2010 for the baseline or 2011-2040, 2021-2050, 2031-2060, 2041-2070, 2051-2080, 2061-2090 or 2071-2100 for the future. <strong>decade_frequency</strong>: decade mean frequency. In the case of the future this is the ensemble of the models. <strong>decade_frequency_best</strong>: only applicable to the future. It determines the best projection among the models. <strong>decade_frequency_worst</strong>: only applicable to the future. It determines the worst projection among the models. <strong>year_days</strong>: average annual days. <strong>year_tmax_intensity</strong>: the average annual degrees of the maximum temperature over its corresponding threshold. <strong>year_tmin_intensity</strong>: the average annual degrees of the minimum temperature over its corresponding threshold.本数据集提供了过去、当前及未来气候情境下热浪的发生频率与严重程度，可用于评估欧洲各区域在极端高温事件期间的热特征。通常而言，热浪被定义为某一特定区域或地点出现的“持续”“极端高温”时段。在REACHOUT项目中，“持续”被界定为连续两日及以上；“极端高温”则依据区域标准判定：当日最高气温超过该区域的阈值（95th百分位）且当日最低气温超过其阈值（90th百分位）。上述百分位基于1981-2010年基准期夏季的区域最高、最低气温数据计算得到。 为确保全欧盟数据的同质性，本数据集的输入变量均来自公开、独立且权威的哥白尼气候变化服务中心（Copernicus Climate Change Service, C3S）。其中，历史观测数据采用e-OBS数据集，未来情景预测数据则采用EURO-CORDEX数据集。研究考虑了中等排放（<strong>RCP4.5</strong>）与极高排放（<strong>RCP8.5</strong>）两种情景，所有数据均下载自哥白尼气候数据存储库（Copernicus Climate Data Store, CDS）。 本数据库共包含三类数据集： 1. Regional_eobs_thresholds_Europe.csv：包含用于各区域热浪检测的阈值。该阈值基于1981-2010年基准期夏季的最高、最低气温数据计算得到。各字段说明如下： - "region": 对应欧洲统计系统（EUROSTAT）的NUTS_ID唯一标识符 - "tmax": 日最高气温阈值 - "tmin": 日最低气温阈值 2. Historical_eobs_heatwaves_Europe.csv：包含各区域1981-2021年历史时期的热浪数据。各字段说明如下： - "region": 对应欧洲统计系统（EUROSTAT）的NUTS_ID唯一标识符 - "start": 热浪起始日期 - "tmax": 热浪过程中达到的最高气温 - "intensity": 最高、最低气温分别超过对应阈值的度数之和 - "duration": 热浪持续时长 3. Future_and_baseline_eobs_heatwaves_Europe.csv：包含热浪的集合未来预测数据。各字段说明如下： - "hazard_level": 灾害等级，可分为预警、警戒与警报 - "region": 对应欧洲统计系统（EUROSTAT）的NUTS_ID唯一标识符 - "experiment": 排放情景，可分为基准期、rcp-4-5或rcp-8-5 - "period": 时段，基准期为1981-2010，未来时段可选取2011-2040、2021-2050、2031-2060、2041-2070、2051-2080、2061-2090或2071-2100 - "decade_frequency": 十年平均发生频率，针对未来情景时为多模式集合结果 - "decade_frequency_best": 仅适用于未来情景，代表多模式集合中最优的预测结果 - "decade_frequency_worst": 仅适用于未来情景，代表多模式集合中最差的预测结果 - "year_days": 年均热浪日数 - "year_tmax_intensity": 年均最高气温超出阈值的度数平均值 - "year_tmin_intensity": 年均最低气温超出阈值的度数平均值