Calving Front Dataset for Marine-Terminating Glaciers in Svalbard 1985-2023

Svalbard has experienced increased climate variability as a result of global warming, leading to significant mass loss in its marine-terminating glaciers over recent decades. Nevertheless, the mechanisms driving this mass loss remain less understood, primarily due to a limited understanding of calving dynamics. Here we present a new high-resolution calving front dataset of 149 marine-terminating glaciers in Svalbard, comprising 124919 glacier calving front positions during the period of 1985-2023. This dataset was generated using a novel automated deep learning framework and multiple optical and SAR satellite images from Landsat, Terra-ASTER, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-1 satellite missions. The information regarding the glacier calving front terminal traces, glacier centrelines, glacier domains, fjord masks and the along-centreline glacier calving front change time series is consolidated into a single Geopackage file named "Svalbard_Calving_Front_Product.gpkg." The specific file structure for this data file is detailed in Table 1, and the feature attribute table for the different data layers recorded in this data file can be found in Table 2. Furthermore, we have included spatial distribution map plots of the glacier calving front traces and line plots depicting the time series of calving front changes for each individual glacier. These plots are provided in .PNG file format and can be accessed within the Figures folder. Table 1. The layer structure of the Svalbard calving front data product. Layer Name Details traces Line geometries recording the terminal traces of all the glaciers (EPSG:3995). centrelines Line geometries recording the glacier centrelines used in calving front change estimation (EPSG:3995). domains Polygon geometries recording the glacier domains (EPSG:3995). fjord_masks Polygon geometries recording the fjord masks (EPSG:3995). front_change_time_series Point geometries recording the along-centreline glacier calving front change time series (EPSG:4326). Table 2. The feature attribute table of the data layer. Data Field Description Glacier The Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) version 6 (RGI Consortium, 2017) glacier id. Sensor The satellite platform used in mapping glacier calving front, including “Landsat”, “Terra-ASTER”, “Sentinel2” and “Sentinel1”. ImageId The image id of the satellite image used in mapping the glacier calving front. DateString The datetime string of the satellite image in the format of “YYYYMMDD”. CFL_Change The calving front location (CFL) changes in meters along the glacier centreline in relation to the earliest calving front location in the time series. glacier_lat The latitude of the glacier location (WGS84 coordinate system). glacier_lon The longitude of the glacier location (WGS84 coordinate system).斯瓦尔巴群岛（Svalbard）受全球变暖影响，气候变异性显著增强，近数十年来其境内的海洋末端冰川出现了显著的物质亏损。然而，驱动该物质亏损的机制仍未得到充分阐释，这主要源于当前对冰川崩解动力学（calving dynamics）的认知仍较为有限。本研究公开了一套全新的高分辨率冰川崩解锋面（calving front）数据集，涵盖斯瓦尔巴群岛149处海洋末端冰川在1985年至2023年间的124919个冰川崩解锋面位置。该数据集依托全新的自动化深度学习框架，结合Landsat、Terra-ASTER、Sentinel-2及Sentinel-1等多颗卫星任务获取的光学与合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar，SAR）卫星影像生成。 本数据集将冰川崩解锋面终端轨迹、冰川中心线、冰川范围、峡湾掩膜以及沿中心线的冰川崩解锋面变化时间序列等信息整合至单个Geopackage文件中，文件命名为"Svalbard_Calving_Front_Product.gpkg"。该数据文件的具体结构详见表1，其内置各数据层的要素属性表可参见表2。 此外，本数据集还附带了各冰川崩解锋面轨迹的空间分布地图，以及单冰川崩解锋面变化的时间序列折线图。所有可视化成果均以PNG格式存储，可在Figures文件夹中获取。 表1 斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川崩解锋面数据产品的图层结构 | 图层名称 | 详细说明 | | ---- | ---- | | traces | 记录所有冰川终端轨迹的线要素几何（EPSG:3995坐标系） | | centrelines | 记录用于崩解锋面变化估算的冰川中心线的线要素几何（EPSG:3995坐标系） | | domains | 记录冰川范围的面要素几何（EPSG:3995坐标系） | | fjord_masks | 记录峡湾掩膜的面要素几何（EPSG:3995坐标系） | | front_change_time_series | 记录沿中心线的冰川崩解锋面变化时间序列的点要素几何（EPSG:4326坐标系） | 表2 数据层要素属性表 | 数据字段 | 详细说明 | | ---- | ---- | | Glacier | 第6版兰多夫冰川目录（Randolph Glacier Inventory, RGI；RGI Consortium, 2017）对应的冰川ID | | Sensor | 用于绘制冰川崩解锋面的卫星平台，包括"Landsat"、"Terra-ASTER"、"Sentinel2"及"Sentinel1" | | ImageId | 用于绘制冰川崩解锋面的卫星影像ID | | DateString | 卫星影像的日期字符串，格式为"YYYYMMDD" | | CFL_Change | 相对于时间序列中最早崩解锋面位置，沿冰川中心线的冰川崩解锋面位置（CFL）变化量，单位为米 | | glacier_lat | 冰川位置的纬度（WGS84坐标系） | | glacier_lon | 冰川位置的经度（WGS84坐标系）