Triangular fuzzy numbers.

The study analyses differences in subjective well-being (SWB) across European regions. Through the Fuzzy-Hybrid TOPSIS approach, we analyse SWB at the country and regional levels. Additionally, a quantile regression model is employed to investigate the impact of socio-economic factors on SWB. The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) dataset from 2017 is used for seven countries: Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Finland, Hungary and Slovenia. The synthetic indicator is derived from four indicators: happiness, life satisfaction, goal achievement, and family pressure. At the country level, Germany achieves the highest SWB score (0.69), while Hungary records the lowest (0.51). Regional analysis shows German regions (particularly Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein) and Spanish regions (notably La Rioja and Baleares) occupy top positions in the SWB rankings. Quantile regression results confirm that age, education level, and income significantly influence SWB, with older individuals, those with intermediate education levels, and higher-income earners showing consistently higher SWB values.本研究分析了欧洲各地区的主观幸福感（Subjective Well-Being，SWB）差异。采用模糊混合TOPSIS（Fuzzy-Hybrid TOPSIS）方法，分别从国家与区域层面对主观幸福感展开分析。此外，本研究构建分位数回归模型，以探究社会经济因素对主观幸福感的影响。本研究使用2017年国际社会调查项目（International Social Survey Programme，ISSP）的数据集，覆盖丹麦、德国、西班牙、法国、芬兰、匈牙利及斯洛文尼亚共7个国家。该研究的合成指标由幸福感、生活满意度、目标达成度及家庭压力4项指标构建而成。国家层面分析结果显示，德国的主观幸福感得分最高（0.69），匈牙利则为最低（0.51）。区域层面分析表明，德国的萨尔州（Saarland）与石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因州（Schleswig-Holstein），以及西班牙的拉里奥哈（La Rioja）和巴利阿里群岛（Baleares）位列主观幸福感排名前列。分位数回归结果证实，年龄、受教育水平与收入水平对主观幸福感具有显著影响：年龄较高者、接受中等教育群体及高收入群体的主观幸福感得分始终处于较高水平。