Synthesis and Characterization of Ionic Liquids Incorporating the Nitrile Functionality

A series of imidazolium salts with the nitrile functional group attached to the alkyl side chain, viz. [CnCNmim][X]
(where CnCNmim is the 1-alkylnitrile-3-methylimidazolium cation and Cn = (CH2)n, n = 1−4; X = Cl, PF6, and BF4)
and [C3CNdmim][X] (where CnCNdmim is the 1-alkylnitrile-2,3-dimethylimidazolium cation and Cn = (CH2)n, n = 3;
X = Cl, PF6, and BF4), have been prepared and characterized using spectroscopic methods. The majority of the
nitrile-functionalized imidazolium salts can be classed as ionic liquids since they melt below 100 °C. Four of the
imidazolium salts have been characterized in the solid state using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to reveal
an extensive series of hydrogen bonds between H atoms on the cation and the anion. The relationship between
the solid-state structure and the melting point is discussed. Key physical properties (density, viscosity, and solubility
in common solvents) of the low melting ionic liquid have been determined and are compared with those of the
related 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ionic liquids. It was envisaged that these
ionic liquids could act as both solvent and ligand for catalyzed reactions, and this application is demonstrated in
hydrogenation reactions, which show that retention of the catalyst in the ionic liquid during product extraction is
extremely high.