The features of the GSE datasets.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by fibrosis and inflammation in renal tissues. Several types of cell death have been implicated in CKD onset and progression. Unlike traditional forms of cell death, PANoptosis is characterized by the crosstalk among programmed cell death pathways. However, the interaction between PANoptosis and CKD remains unclear. Here, we used bioinformatics methods to identify differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed PANoptosis-related genes (DE-PRGs) using data from the GSE37171 dataset. Following this, we further performed gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis using the data. We adopted a combined approach to select hub genes, using the STRING database and CytoHubba plug-in, and we used the GSE66494 as a validation dataset. In addition, we constructed ceRNA, transcription factor (TF)-gene, and drug-gene networks using Cytoscape. Lastly, we conducted immunohistochemical analysis and western blotting to validate the hub genes. We identified 57 PANoptosis-associated genes as DE-PRGs. We screened nine hub genes from the 57 DE-PRGs. We identified two hub genes (FOS and PTGS2) using the GSE66494 database, Nephroseq, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. A common miRNA (Hsa-miR-101-3p) and three TFs (CREB1, E2F1, and RELA) may play a crucial role in the onset and progression of PANoptosis-related CKD. In our analysis of the drug-gene network, we identified eight drugs targeting FOS and 52 drugs targeting PTGS2.慢性肾脏病（Chronic kidney disease, CKD）以肾组织纤维化与炎症为特征。多种细胞死亡方式均与CKD的发生及进展密切相关。与传统细胞死亡类型不同，泛凋亡（PANoptosis）以多条程序性细胞死亡通路间的串扰为典型特征。然而，泛凋亡与CKD之间的相互作用仍不明确。 本研究借助生物信息学方法，利用GSE37171数据集筛选差异表达基因及差异表达泛凋亡相关基因（differentially expressed PANoptosis-related genes, DE-PRGs）。随后，基于该数据集开展基因本体（gene ontology, GO）富集分析、京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG）富集分析及基因集富集分析。本研究采用联合分析策略，借助STRING数据库与CytoHubba插件筛选核心基因，并以GSE66494数据集作为验证数据集。此外，本研究通过Cytoscape软件构建了内源竞争RNA（ceRNA）、转录因子（transcription factor, TF）-基因及药物-基因调控网络。最后，通过免疫组化分析与蛋白质印迹法验证核心基因。 本研究共筛选得到57个泛凋亡相关差异表达基因（DE-PRGs），并从这57个DE-PRGs中筛选出9个核心基因。借助GSE66494数据集、Nephroseq数据库、免疫组化及蛋白质印迹法，本研究验证出2个核心基因：FOS与PTGS2。一种微小RNA（Hsa-miR-101-3p）及3种转录因子（CREB1、E2F1与RELA）可能在泛凋亡相关CKD的发生与进展中发挥关键作用。在药物-基因网络分析中，本研究共筛选得到8种靶向FOS的药物及52种靶向PTGS2的药物。