Macrophage phenotypes modulate neoangiogenesis and fibroblast profiles in synovial-like organoid cultures.

To investigate the interaction among the cells thought to be foundational to inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis in the synovial membrane. We encapsulated fibroblasts, polarized macrophages, and endothelial cells in a 3D culture system. We used this model to determine the cellular transcriptional profiles, cytokine secretion, and vascular formation associated with different macrophage phenotype conditions.