Supporting data for: "Weakening of the AMOC and Strengthening of Labrador Sea Deep Convection in Response to External Freshwater Forcing"
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This repository contains the key supporting data (in the netcdf format) for the following paper:Wei, X., Zhang, R. Weakening of the AMOC and strengthening of Labrador Sea deep convection in response to external freshwater forcing. Nat Commun 15, 10357 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54756-3 In this study, control and water hosing ensembles are conducted using a coupled climate model (GFDL CM4) with an eddy-permitting ocean component. The anomaly is defined as the difference between the water hosing and control ensembles (anomaly = water hosing - control). This paper investigates mechanisms of the AMOC weakening and its subsequent impact on the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection in response to external freshwater forcing. Descriptions of data files in this repository: Main figures: 1. The anomalies of the OSNAP AMOC and the Labrador Sea March mixed layer depth (MLD), as shown in Fig. 1 in the paper. The anomalies of the maximum AMOC and the AMOC at a relatively dense level around sigma0=27.84 kg/m3 across the entire OSNAP section in density space: Anomaly_AMOC_max_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_AMOC_denser_OSNAP.nc The anomalies of the maximum AMOC across OSNAP West and OSANP East in density space: Anomaly_AMOC_max_OSNAP_WEST.nc Anomaly_AMOC_max_OSNAP_EAST.nc The March mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Labrador Sea: Anomaly_MLD_003_March_Labrador.nc The spatial map of March MLD climatology and anomaly: Control_MLD_003_March_spatial.nc Anomaly_MLD_003_March_spatial.nc 2. The climatological mean (from the control and water hosing ensembles) and anomalies of the AMOC streamfunction across the OSNAP section, in density-space and depth-space, as shown in Fig. 2 in the paper. OSNAP West: Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_WEST.nc Control_moc_z_OSNAP_WEST.nc WaterHosing_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_WEST.nc WaterHosing_moc_z_OSNAP_WEST.nc Anomaly_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_WEST.nc Anomaly_moc_z_OSNAP_WEST.nc OSNAP East: Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_EAST.nc Control_moc_z_OSNAP_EAST.nc WaterHosing_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_EAST.nc WaterHosing_moc_z_OSNAP_EAST.nc Anomaly_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_EAST.nc Anomaly_moc_z_OSNAP_EAST.nc Entire OSNAP section: Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP.nc Control_moc_z_OSNAP.nc WaterHosing_moc_sigma0_OSNAP.nc WaterHosing_moc_z_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_moc_sigma0_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_moc_z_OSNAP.nc 3. The climatological mean (from the control ensemble) and anomalies of salinity, potential temperature, and potential density across the OSNAP section, as shown in Fig. 3 in the paper. Control_salinity_OSNAP.nc Control_temperature_OSNAP.nc Control_sigma0_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_salinity_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_temperature_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_sigma0_OSNAP.nc 4. The sigma-z diagram of climatological mean (from the control and water hosing ensembles) and anomalies of the AMOC transport across OSNAP East, i.e. integrated volume transport across OSNAP East over each potential density bin and depth bin, as shown in Fig. 4 in the paper. Control_SigmaZ_OSNAP_EAST.nc WaterHosing_SigmaZ_OSNAP_EAST.nc Anomaly_SigmaZ_OSNAP_EAST.nc 5.The deep ocean potential density anomalies along with its thermal and haline components over the west boundary and eastern regions of the OSNAP East subsection, and the AMOC anomalies at a relatively dense level around sigma0=27.84 kg/m3 across OSNAP East in density space, as shown in Fig. 5 in the paper. Anomaly_sigma_west.nc Anomaly_sigmaS_west.nc Anomaly_sigmaT_west.nc Anomaly_sigma_east.nc Anomaly_sigmaS_east.nc Anomaly_sigmaT_east.nc Anomaly_sigma_diff.nc Anomaly_sigmaS_diff.nc Anomaly_sigmaT_diff.nc Anomaly_AMOC_denser_OSANP_EAST.nc 6.The transient salt-based FWF anomalies, dye-based FWF anomalies and their difference at the upper ocean (413m), as shown in Fig. 6 in the paper, and at the deep ocean (2250m), as shown in Fig. 7 in the paper. Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_50yr.nc 7.Climatological mean (from the control ensemble) and anomalies of salinity, potential temperature, potential density and zonal velocity along the Iceland-Scotland Overflow pathway, as shown in Fig. 8 in the paper. Control_salinity_ISOW.nc Control_temperature_ISOW.nc Control_sigma_ISOW.nc Control_u_ISOW.nc Anomaly_salinity_ISOW.nc Anomaly_temperature_ISOW.nc Anomaly_sigma_ISOW.nc Anomaly_u_ISOW.nc 8.The salt-based FWF anomalies, dye-based FWF anomalies and their difference across the Iceland-Scotland Overflow section, as shown in Fig. 9 in the paper. Anomaly_FWF_salt_ISOW.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_ISOW.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_ISOW.nc Supplementary figures: S1. The anomalies of the density-space AMOC streamfunction as shown in Supplementary Fig. 1 in the paper. SuppFig1.nc S2. The extra-tropical North Atlantic subsurface (413m) temperature anomalies as shown in Supplementary Fig. 2 in the paper. SuppFig2.nc S3. The climatological mean (from the control and water hosing ensembles) and anomalies of the AMOC streamfunction, surface forced water mass transformation (WMTS) and interior mixing forced water mass transformation (WMTM), as shown in Supplementary Fig. 3 in the paper. SuppFig3_streamfunction.nc SuppFig3_surfaceWMT.nc SuppFig3_interiorWMT.nc SuppFig3_mask_section.nc S4. The climatological mean of the velocity across the OSNAP section in the control ensemble, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 4 in the paper. SuppFig4.nc S5. The transient salinity anomalies, potential temperature anomalies and potential density anomalies across the OSNAP section, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 5 in the paper. SuppFig5_11_20yr.nc SuppFig5_21_30yr.nc SuppFig5_31_40yr.nc SuppFig5_41_50yr.nc S6. The transient salt-based FWF anomalies, dye-based FWF anomalies and their difference at 625m, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 6 in the paper. SuppFig6_10yr.nc SuppFig6_20yr.nc SuppFig6_30yr.nc SuppFig6_40yr.nc SuppFig6_50yr.nc S7. The salt-based FWF anomalies, dye-based FWF anomalies and their difference across the OSNAP section, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 7 in the paper. SuppFig7.nc S8. The anomalies of March Labrador Sea mixed layer depth (MLD), vertical potential density difference, surface and deep ocean potential density, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 8 in the paper. SuppFig8.nc S9. The climatological mean salinity difference between the ISOW-associated NEADW layer and the core Labrador Sea Water layer, and the inverse horizontal grid resolution of GFDL CM4 (this study) and CMIP6 models as shown in Supplementary Fig. 9 in the paper. The CMIP6 model data were downloaded from https://aims2.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/. The climatological mean salinity difference between the ISOW-associated NEADW layer and the core Labrador Sea Water layer in WOA18 as shown in Supplementary Fig. 9 in the paper. The WOA18 data were downloaded from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly the National Oceanographic Data) https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas/. SuppFig9.nc S10. The supplementary Fig. 10 shares the same data of climatological mean of the AMOC streamfunction across the OSNAP section in density-space in the control ensemble with Figure 2 in the paper. The OSNAP observation data were downloaded from www.o-snap.org. Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_WEST.nc Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_EAST.nc Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP.nc Acknowledgments We acknowledge the use of the following datasets and model code in this study: The World Ocean Atlas 2018 (WOA18) data were downloaded from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly the National Oceanographic Data) https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas/. The Data from the OSNAP (Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program) array were downloaded from https://www.o-snap.org/. OSNAP data were collected and made freely available by the OSNAP project and all the national programs that contribute to it (www.o-snap.org). The CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) model data were downloaded from https://aims2.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/. The source code of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled climate model version 4 (CM4) is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3339397. The surface forced water mass transformation (WMTS) is calculated using the source code developed by Drake et al. 2024 at https://github.com/hdrake/xwmt. The relevant citations for the above datasets and model code are listed in Wei and Zhang 2024.
本仓库包含对应下述论文的关键支撑数据（格式为netCDF）：Wei, X., Zhang, R. 大西洋经向翻转环流（Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation，简称AMOC）减弱与拉布拉多海深层对流增强对外部淡水强迫的响应. 《自然-通讯》(Nature Communications), 15, 10357 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54756-3 本研究采用耦合气候模型GFDL CM4（地球物理流体动力学实验室耦合气候模型版本4）开展了控制集合与淡水强迫集合试验，该模型的海洋分量具备中尺度涡解析能力。本研究将异常值定义为淡水强迫集合与控制集合的差值（异常值 = 淡水强迫集合 - 控制集合）。本文针对外部淡水强迫作用下AMOC减弱的机制，及其对拉布拉多海开放海域深层对流的后续影响展开研究。 本仓库内数据文件说明如下： ## 主图数据 1. 对应本文图1的OSNAP（亚极地北大西洋翻转环流观测计划，Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program）观测的AMOC异常与拉布拉多海3月混合层深度（Mixed Layer Depth，简称MLD）异常数据： 全OSNAP断面密度空间内最大AMOC异常与sigma0≈27.84 kg/m³附近较密等密面处的AMOC异常： Anomaly_AMOC_max_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_AMOC_denser_OSNAP.nc OSNAP西断面与OSNAP东断面密度空间内的最大AMOC异常： Anomaly_AMOC_max_OSNAP_WEST.nc Anomaly_AMOC_max_OSNAP_EAST.nc 拉布拉多海3月MLD数据： Anomaly_MLD_003_March_Labrador.nc 拉布拉多海3月MLD气候态及异常的空间分布数据： Control_MLD_003_March_spatial.nc Anomaly_MLD_003_March_spatial.nc 2. 对应本文图2的OSNAP断面AMOC流函数的气候态均值（来自控制集合与淡水强迫集合）与异常数据，涵盖密度空间与深度空间两个维度： ### OSNAP西断面 Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_WEST.nc Control_moc_z_OSNAP_WEST.nc WaterHosing_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_WEST.nc WaterHosing_moc_z_OSNAP_WEST.nc Anomaly_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_WEST.nc Anomaly_moc_z_OSNAP_WEST.nc ### OSNAP东断面 Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_EAST.nc Control_moc_z_OSNAP_EAST.nc WaterHosing_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_EAST.nc WaterHosing_moc_z_OSNAP_EAST.nc Anomaly_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_EAST.nc Anomaly_moc_z_OSNAP_EAST.nc ### 全OSNAP断面 Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP.nc Control_moc_z_OSNAP.nc WaterHosing_moc_sigma0_OSNAP.nc WaterHosing_moc_z_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_moc_sigma0_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_moc_z_OSNAP.nc 3. 对应本文图3的OSNAP断面盐度、位势温度与位势密度的气候态均值（来自控制集合）与异常数据： Control_salinity_OSNAP.nc Control_temperature_OSNAP.nc Control_sigma0_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_salinity_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_temperature_OSNAP.nc Anomaly_sigma0_OSNAP.nc 4. 对应本文图4的OSNAP东断面AMOC输运的气候态均值（来自控制集合与淡水强迫集合）与异常的sigma-z图数据，即OSNAP东断面各等密度箱与深度箱内的体积积分输运量： Control_SigmaZ_OSNAP_EAST.nc WaterHosing_SigmaZ_OSNAP_EAST.nc Anomaly_SigmaZ_OSNAP_EAST.nc 5. 对应本文图5的OSNAP东次断面西部与东部区域的深海位势密度异常及其热、盐分量，以及密度空间内OSNAP东断面sigma0≈27.84 kg/m³附近较密等密面处的AMOC异常数据： Anomaly_sigma_west.nc Anomaly_sigmaS_west.nc Anomaly_sigmaT_west.nc Anomaly_sigma_east.nc Anomaly_sigmaS_east.nc Anomaly_sigmaT_east.nc Anomaly_sigma_diff.nc Anomaly_sigmaS_diff.nc Anomaly_sigmaT_diff.nc Anomaly_AMOC_denser_OSANP_EAST.nc 6. 对应本文图6的上层海洋（413m）与图7的深海（2250m）处基于盐度的淡水通量（Freshwater Flux，简称FWF）异常、基于染料的FWF异常及其差值数据： Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_413m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_413m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_413m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_10yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_20yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_30yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_40yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_salt_2250m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_2250m_50yr.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_2250m_50yr.nc 7. 对应本文图8的冰岛-苏格兰溢流（Iceland-Scotland Overflow，简称ISOW）通道上的盐度、位势温度、位势密度与纬向速度的气候态均值（来自控制集合）与异常数据： Control_salinity_ISOW.nc Control_temperature_ISOW.nc Control_sigma_ISOW.nc Control_u_ISOW.nc Anomaly_salinity_ISOW.nc Anomaly_temperature_ISOW.nc Anomaly_sigma_ISOW.nc Anomaly_u_ISOW.nc 8. 对应本文图9的冰岛-苏格兰溢流断面的基于盐度的FWF异常、基于染料的FWF异常及其差值数据： Anomaly_FWF_salt_ISOW.nc Anomaly_FWF_dye_ISOW.nc Anomaly_FWF_diff_ISOW.nc ## 补充图数据 S1. 对应本文补充图1的密度空间AMOC流函数异常数据：SuppFig1.nc S2. 对应本文补充图2的北大西洋副极地海区次表层（413m）温度异常数据：SuppFig2.nc S3. 对应本文补充图3的AMOC流函数、表面强迫水团转化（Water Mass Transformation from Surface Forcing，简称WMTS）与内部混合强迫水团转化（Water Mass Transformation from Interior Mixing，简称WMTM）的气候态均值（来自控制集合与淡水强迫集合）与异常数据： SuppFig3_streamfunction.nc SuppFig3_surfaceWMT.nc SuppFig3_interiorWMT.nc SuppFig3_mask_section.nc S4. 对应本文补充图4的控制集合中OSNAP断面流速气候态均值数据：SuppFig4.nc S5. 对应本文补充图5的OSNAP断面瞬时盐度异常、位势温度异常与位势密度异常数据： SuppFig5_11_20yr.nc SuppFig5_21_30yr.nc SuppFig5_31_40yr.nc SuppFig5_41_50yr.nc S6. 对应本文补充图6的625m深度处基于盐度的FWF异常、基于染料的FWF异常及其差值数据： SuppFig6_10yr.nc SuppFig6_20yr.nc SuppFig6_30yr.nc SuppFig6_40yr.nc SuppFig6_50yr.nc S7. 对应本文补充图7的OSNAP断面基于盐度的FWF异常、基于染料的FWF异常及其差值数据：SuppFig7.nc S8. 对应本文补充图8的拉布拉多海3月MLD异常、垂直位势密度差、表层与深海位势密度数据：SuppFig8.nc S9. 对应本文补充图9的与冰岛-苏格兰溢流（ISOW）相关的东北大西洋深层水（North East Atlantic Deep Water，简称NEADW）层与核心拉布拉多海水层之间的气候态盐度差，以及本研究使用的GFDL CM4与CMIP6模型的水平网格反演分辨率数据。CMIP6模型数据下载自https://aims2.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/。 本文补充图9同时包含世界海洋图集2018（WOA18）中NEADW层与核心拉布拉多海水层之间的气候态盐度差数据，WOA18数据下载自美国国家海洋和大气管理局国家环境信息中心（原国家海洋数据中心）https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas/。 SuppFig9.nc S10. 本补充图10与本文图2使用了相同的控制集合中密度空间OSNAP断面AMOC流函数气候态均值数据。OSNAP观测数据下载自www.o-snap.org。 Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_WEST.nc Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP_EAST.nc Control_moc_sigma0_OSNAP.nc ## 致谢 本研究使用了以下数据集与模型代码：世界海洋图集2018（WOA18）数据下载自美国国家海洋和大气管理局国家环境信息中心（原国家海洋数据中心）https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas/。亚极地北大西洋翻转环流观测计划（OSNAP）阵列数据下载自https://www.o-snap.org/，该数据由OSNAP项目及所有参与贡献的国家项目收集并免费公开。耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（CMIP6）模型数据下载自https://aims2.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/。地球物理流体动力学实验室（GFDL）耦合气候模型版本4（CM4）的源代码可在https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3339397公开获取。表面强迫水团转化（WMTS）的计算使用了Drake等人2024年开发的源代码https://github.com/hdrake/xwmt。上述数据集与模型代码的相关引用信息详见Wei与Zhang 2024年发表的论文。
