Multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM) and maximum likelihood population effects (MLPE) results showing the relationship between pairwise genetic distance (linearized <i>D</i>_est) and least-cost path cost distances incorporating landscape heterogeneity.

Candidate models tested were based on a priori hypotheses and to minimize collinearity among predictors. For clarity, only models with relatively high support based on ΔAICc and wi are shown (i.e. confidence set of candidate models; [74]). Optimal cost values used to parameterize resistance surfaces prior to calculating each least-cost path were selected based on Mantel r correlation coefficients. VIF = Variance Inflation Factor. PRE represents P-value for population effect.