Effects of 5 ppm anabasine treatment on Crithidia infection intensity in Bombus impatiens across three experiments.

(A) Parasite Variation Experiment that tested effects of anabasine on infection of individual bees with one of four Crithidia lineages and reared individually. (B) Life History Experiment in which bees were reared in microcolonies of three workers. (C) Pollen Deprivation Experiment in which individual bees were deprived of pollen. Significance of terms in generalized linear mixed-effects models were tested by χ2 tests. Crithidia cell counts were ln(x+1)-transformed to better conform to model assumptions. Marginal cell length refers to length of the right forewing marginal cell, used to estimate bee size (see Materials and Methods). Colony refers to the bee’s experimental colony of origin.