Descriptive measures for the pilot study.

Farmers’ comprehension of color codes and pictograms of pesticides is crucial for ensuring the safe and effective use of these agricultural chemicals. These visual aids provide essential information about hazards, proper handling, and application methods. This understanding helps prevent accidents, protect health, and promote sustainable farming practices. This study aims to develop and validate a Pesticide Label Questionnaire (PLQ) qualitatively and quantitatively using psychometric measures to evaluate farmers’ comprehension of pictograms and color codes as well as the technical sign-related practices in Lebanon. The questionnaire, consisting of 29 statements, was generated and developed by experts in the field of agriculture, chemistry, environmental health, public health, and statistics. Face, content, and construct validity were assessed, and psychometric properties were examined for data validation. Internal consistency and reliability were measured using Cronbach’s alpha (α) and Guttman’s Lambda Coefficient. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) and RStudio (Version 1.1.456, Inc., 2009–2018). The Construct Validity analyses demonstrated strong reliability and coherence within the questionnaire, with an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.873. Section I (“Pictorial and Color Code Comprehension”) achieved a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.849, while section II (“Technical Sign-related Practice Assessment”) showed moderate reliability at 0.667. Factor analyses revealed a well-defined structure, with five components explaining 62.03% of the variance in section I and three components accounting for 61.81% in section II. These results highlight the questionnaire’s robust construct validity and its ability to capture key dimensions of comprehension and practice related to pesticide labels. The results of this study indicate that the 29-item PLQ is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating farmers’ understanding of pictograms and color codes along with technical sign-related practices.农户对农药色彩编码与象形图的认知，对确保这类农用化学品安全、高效施用至关重要。这类视觉标识可提供关于危害信息、正确操作方式及施用方法的关键内容。掌握此类知识有助于防范事故、保障健康，并推动可持续农业实践。本研究旨在借助心理测量方法，从定性与定量两个维度开发并验证《农药标签调查问卷》（Pesticide Label Questionnaire, PLQ），以评估黎巴嫩农户对农药象形图、色彩编码的认知水平，以及与技术标识相关的操作行为。本调查问卷共计29个条目，由农业、化学、环境卫生、公共卫生与统计学领域的专家共同开发编制。研究对问卷的表面效度、内容效度与结构效度进行了评估，并检验了其心理测量学属性以完成数据验证。本研究采用克朗巴赫α系数（Cronbach’s alpha, α）与古特曼λ系数（Guttman’s Lambda Coefficient）评估问卷的内部一致性与信度。统计分析借助社会科学统计软件包（Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS 27版）与RStudio（1.1.456版本，2009–2018年版权归其所有）完成。结构效度分析结果显示，本问卷整体具有良好的信度与内部一致性，整体克朗巴赫α系数达0.873。其中第一部分"象形图与色彩编码认知"的克朗巴赫α系数为0.849，而第二部分"技术标识相关操作行为评估"的信度则处于中等水平，为0.667。因子分析结果显示问卷结构清晰合理：第一部分可提取5个公因子，累计解释62.03%的方差变异；第二部分可提取3个公因子，累计解释61.81%的方差变异。上述结果充分证明本问卷具备优异的结构效度，能够有效捕捉农户对农药标签相关的认知与操作行为的核心维度。本研究结果表明，这款包含29个条目的《农药标签调查问卷》（PLQ）是一款可靠且有效的工具，可用于评估农户对农药象形图、色彩编码的认知水平，以及与技术标识相关的操作行为。